Business Travel Booking Market Trends & Forecast Essay

†¢The report examines reasons, other than lower ticket prices, that are most likely to influence business travelers to opting for one airline over another †¢The report identifies key factors, other than lower rental costs, that are most likely to make business travelers choose one car rental company over another †¢The report assesses the importance of travel meta-search options for creating business travel plans, and identifies popular travel meta-search websites used by business travelers in the last six months. †¢The report identifies key factors that are decisive for hotel bookings †¢The report examines how companies manage business travel bookings †¢The report identifies key reasons for cutbacks in premium travel plans †¢The report examines the staying patterns of executive when a business trip is extended to a leisure trip †¢The report assesses executives’ viewpoints about cutbacks in group incentive travel programs Complete Report Available at http://marketreportsstore. com/changing-trends-in-business-travel-booking/ . Scope The report features the opinions of travel and tourism industry respondents about the changing trends in business travel booking covering the following aspects: †¢Companies’ approaches to business travel booking †¢Key factors for airline selection †¢Decisive criteria for airline booking †¢Key parameters for car rental company choices †¢Factors influencing hotel-booking decisions †¢Extension of business trips for leisure purposes – additional days’ leisure spend †¢Extension of business trips for leisure purposes – staying preferences †¢Significance of travel meta-search options †¢Popular travel meta-search websites. †¢Cutback expectations for group incentive travel programs †¢Reasons for cutbacks in premium travel plans Inquire for discount @ http://marketreportsstore. com/discount/? rname=14250 . Reasons to buy †¢The report highlights companies’ approaches to business travel bookings, enabling travel operators to restructure their business travel plans. †¢The report enables readers to take strategic decisions by understanding the relevance of travel meta-search options, and identifying popular travel meta-search websites used by business travelers. †¢The report examines key factors influencing executives’ airline and hotel-booking decisions. This will help companies to improve customer service and implement development strategies. †¢The report provides cutback expectations about group incentive travel programs, which are likely to influence growth prospects. †¢The report highlights staying preferences during extensions of business trips to leisure trips, along with the number of extra days spent for leisure purposes. This will help to gauge consumer behavior. Buy a Copy of the Report at http://marketreportsstore. com/purchase? rname=14250 For more reports on Travel, Tourism & Hospitality Click here Contact sales@marketreportsstore. com / Call +1 888 391 5441 for further information on â€Å"Changing Trends in Business Travel Booking† report OR for any other market research and intelligence needs you may have for your business.

Comparative Religions Essay

Judaism began in Israel, 2000 BCE. Christianity began in the middle east it began about 2000 years ago. Christianity is the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. Judaism is the monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the laws revealed to Moses and recorded in the Torah. Christianity and Judaism are similar and different in many ways, Both Religions believe in Jesus, they have a lot different beliefs, Both religions have Bibles, Christians has the bible, Jews have The Torah. Both religions believe in Jesus. Both religions believed in him but the Christians believed he would come back and that he was very special, Jews did not think all the same as the Christians. Jews do not believe that Jesus was divine, the Son of God, or the Messiah prophesied in Jewish scriptures. He is seen as a â€Å"false messiah,† someone who claimed the mantle of the Messiah but who ultimately did not meet the requirements laid out in Jewish beliefs. Christians believe that Jesus will come back to Earth to save/protect them. Religions have their agreements and their disagreements. The religions have a lot of different beliefs. They have lists and lists of different beliefs of Christians and Jews. Some of those beliefs are, Judaism says that no human can ever die or atone for the sins of others and sins can only be atoned for by animal sacrifice or prayer and restitution. Whereas Christianity says that Jesus died for the sins of mankind. Judaism says that all humans are born pure, and innocent. Christians say that all humans are born with ‘original sin’. Jews say that no man gets a ‘second coming’ and the Messiah will not need one. Christians say that Jesus will have a ‘second coming’. These are only a few of the many different beliefs. Comparisons of the two religions are they both have books basically â€Å"Bibles†, but there not both called bibles. For Christians it is a Bible for Judaism it is a Torah. They both hold basically the same things, Their beliefs. Now the information in the books are not completely the same. Because of the different beliefs. But the books are used for the same reason so people who follow the religion can worship their religion. Christianity and Judaism are very close religions but yet very different. They are the same because, Both Religions believe in Jesus, Both religions have Bibles, Christians has the bible, Jews have The Torah. They are also very different because they have a lot of different beliefs.

Soccer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Soccer Culture - Essay Example I asked my father to intervene and decide for us. It was when my father confirmed it as Soccer that I happened to learn that this was a world of wonders that I yet needed to explore. One question was constantly beeping in my mind, â€Å"But why was it so non-existent in US?† I consulted several sources to find the answer and was lucky enough to gather bits which when assembled laid a comprehensive answer in front of me. I would answer that question in this paper, but first, I want to share some general information about the Soccer culture that I happened to find in the way of searching my question’s answer. One of the most played sports in the world is Soccer. If we track its history, this sport has always had a unique culture that has inspired the civilized world. When we talk about the culture of Soccer, it includes various successful events, rumors and articles in the life of the sport, controversies that the sport has remained subjected to form time to time as well as its political, economical and sociological impacts on the world in general and individual nations in particular. Soccer is a very well known sport and is played almost everywhere. Some people confuse Soccer with Football, though the two games are considerably different in concept, rules and techniques. Soccer fans are divided into derbies (Mercado). These are essentially contests between competitors who are emotionally supported by their fans. This is what makes this sport feel more like a battle with various political and socioeconomic influences on the competing nations than a game. Also, the news and articles that discuss Soccer matches commonly orient their discussion around the rivalry between competitors. Soccer match is considered worth betting on and millions of people loose and earn millions of dollar in a matter of only moments. Likewise, the soccer clubs differ from each other in order to accord with old traditions. Their differences are based on various socioeconomic and political traits of old traditions. The rivals conventionally base their aggression on various disturbing events of the past and also, the political and cultural differences between them. There is also a big industry in the name pf Soccer that manufactures such things as banners, scarves and hats. These products are conventionally made with meaningful and team specific symbols on them so that use of these products would speak of the consumer’s favor for particular teams. Famous players give autographs on the balls to make them precious souvenirs, which promote the culture of Soccer. Owing to its voluminous popularity, many Soccer leagues have been established in different countries across the globe. Prominent clubs and team cultures are encouraged in festivals, literature and crafts. Soccer has always served to unite the divided world. This is evident from the fact that British soldiers played Soccer with indigenous people of Iraq and Afghanistan just like they had done d uring the 1st World War on the Christmas Day in 1914 (NPR). However, US has never made similar use of Soccer. The primary reason behind this is that a nation’s culture reflects in its ports. As a result of my study, I discovered that Soccer had originated in Europe. Around the mid 19th century, it was fashioned in UK from where it spread far and wide (NPR). However, the European nations have had a strong influence on it. If there is something that best represents the gap between the American and European norms, it is the differences betwe

Marijuana must be legal in the us Research Paper

Marijuana must be legal in the us - Research Paper Example The soil is also seen as a determining factor and the type of the marijuana plant. Marijuana can be administered in an individual in variety of ways. The most common of way of administration is through smoking. The marijuana is rolled into joints, which is a form of loosely rolled cigarettes. It is also smoked in water pipes or pipes for that matter. Another way of administering the drug in an individual is through ingestion whereby it is brewed into tea. It can also be mixed in with baked products such as cookies, brownies, and cakes. The drug marijuana is a mild form of hallucinogen exhibiting properties similar to those of alcohol in the form of depressant and disinheriting properties. Marijuana effects, when smoked, can be felt within several minutes and peak effects are experienced in a span of ten to thirty minutes. The reaction of the drug varies from individual to individual and these drug reactions on an individual are greatly influence by experiences and expectations. Major ity of the first time users report no feelings at all. The side effects of the drug include impaired short-term memory, a dry mouth and throat especially when smoked and loss of balance and coordination. These short-term effects are seen to wear off in some hours indicated but the traces of THC remain in the body. This is because THC is a fat-soluble and is hence retained in the fatty tissue present in the main organs in the body such as lungs, testes in men and the liver. Owing to this fact traces of marijuana are traceable in the human body three days after drug usage in urine thorough the conduction of urine tests (Mehling 21). In the United States alone, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug whereby users reaching well over twelve million. The numbers of users keep increasing as the years progress with majority of the users in the United States falling in the age span of

Instant impact of the whole word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Instant impact of the whole word - Essay Example When I see a building from far, I see it as a whole, and with every step forward, I start seeing more of its parts with successive loss of its identity as a unit. If I step backwards, the impact is reversed. It means that, not only the being of building but also its distance from the viewer has something to do with the perception of the viewer. It also means that both; stance of the ‘viewer’ and the nature of the ‘view’ correlate and coexist throughout the phenomenon of seeing. Just as a building is made of bricks, words are made of letters, their basic building blocks. Although I have this knowledge, yet do I ever see, at the first glance, the building in the form of bricks or its very basic building blocks? When I see a human figure, I see it as a whole and not in its x-rayed, skeletal form. The external factor; distance, however counts and impacts my vision of the image. Faculty of hearing is not different from seeing in this respect .When I hear a word a nd understand it in a flash, does "the whole use of the word come before my mind" (section 139)? If so, how? If not, how then do I really understand the word? 1†. I am of the opinion that when I hear a word and understand it in a flash, the whole use of the word comes before my mind. Regarding its mechanism; how I understand it, let me explain an example of the organoleptic or sensory perception of flavors. Whatever an expecting mother drinks or eats, the child, in the very early (fetal) stage perceives its flavor; the combinated effect of odor, taste, color and even the feel of its texture. How is it possible, while the child has never seen the color of the food? Now, can we perceive the strawberry flavor in a product, if the product is white? Not really, not at least in its full impact, reason being that red color is an essential to the ‘whole’ of strawberry. Suppose, the strawberry flavor used in the product was green , ripe, over ripe or fermented type, the ex perienced note is embedded in the retentive memory of both; mother and child. At a later stage of life, if any one of them happens to consume a product of similar flavour, the matching flavor in memory is retrieved and not only facilitates but also accelerates the process of identifying it. Similarly a data base of flavours is there in the mind of everyone and the identification of the flavour is subject to the size of the data base and the accuracy of retrieval of the relevant flavors.A flavourist recognizes more types of flavours in their true profiles on account of his or her larger data base, extensive use(repeated and faster retrieval) and accurate inference. The formal route of identification; olfactory sense, taste bud perception etc.are skipped and the brain response in case of the falavourist is as the ‘whole profile of flavour’ and not as its constituents; odor, taste, colour, texture etc. In addition to the accumulated experience there is another very importa nt factor in the instant perception of something as whole, and that is ‘intution’. I have seen sheep and goat grazing in the field with lot of ‘Datura’ plants with their very attractive, pure white, trumpet like flowers. Never, anyone of them tries or even indicates an intention of consuming this plant. How do they know about the toxic nature of the plant? Through ‘Intution’ only, I would say. Occasionally and rather strangely, a cat is seen chewing the grass. Why so, while by nature a cat is carnivorous? I think, in this case too, intution is at work. It may be a corrective action to adjust pH (say acidity) of the stomach contents. Intution is at work in both the cases with a difference that in the former case it repels while in the later case it attracts. In reference to the inherent characteristics, it had been for long, a popular belief that we see the objects by virtue of their inherent light, while now we understand that it is owing to th e ‘external’ light reflected from the surface of an object. Question is that,

Management of information technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management of information technology - Essay Example The organisation at the very beginning will need to explore all avenues where electronic information systems are required to manage information better. All departments should be consulted to arrive at common consensus for the need. At various levels the thought process may come to a halt due to various factors. We shall identify and explore a few. Management Issues - An organisation need to answer the question of management of the IT resource if it proceeds with the investment. An IT resource like a supply chain management software is required to be handled by a staff of experienced IT professionals who are also aware of the core business processes of the organisation. Failure to do so will result in incorrect reporting of information and ultimately lead to mismanagement. Organisational Issues - At an organisational level investment in IT could bring out some structural as well as financial issues. An organisation will need to consider its core business requirements, investor interests and well as financial implications while considering a potential investment in IT. Technological Issues - Technological issues if not planned for may derail an entire project at the implementation stage. Overlooking CTQ (critical to quality) parameters can result in doing more harm than good. Let us now look at the various issues that may arise when an organisation may invest into IT. At a management level, there may well be numerous issues. Lets look at a few which might be more common. Administration - While an organisation may want the most sophisticated software available in the market, it however needs to answer management related questions before proceeding. The organisation needs to see if it has the work force capacity to handle such a shift. Does it have the required people with necessary skill set to successfully implement and support the technology If not then who would manage this technology Many technology vendors have come up with their own solution to this issue since it is the most common and is certain to arise. While most vendors would offer specialised training to an organisation's staff, few also offer to provide dedicated staff to the organisation for day to day administration of the product. Organisations also recruit IT staff to manage the acquired product if the data is sensitive. For example an organisation would definitely would want to have an IT employee specializing in the technology in question if it is financial in nature or deals with the organisations product. If the product is unique in the market, maintaining a dedicated resource becomes all the more important. Security Issues - "Managers, consultants, IT professionals and customers believe that they have finally discovered what makes organizations work: knowledge---that invisible force that propels the most successful companies to stock market values which far exceed the visible assets of their financial balance sheet". (Borghoff & Pareschi 1997, p.835) Since technology investment deals with data which in the hands of certain individuals translates into Knowledge, protecting it is very important. An organisation may answer the security management question by restricting access of the technology to individuals on a need to know basis. This will ensure that those

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking Discussion Questions - Essay Example Then the decision made is clear and understood. This is not true when decision making includes people of differing backgrounds, experiences, and ethics. The way the United States handles wounded on the battlefield provides an ethical dilemma for some. The United States treats all wounded from the battlefield regardless of what military unit, insurgents group, or country they come from. These wounded are categorized not by who they are but by how wounded they are and are lined up for care (for surgery for example) based upon the seriousness of their wound and their optimal chances for survival. Other countries or peoples are often stymied by thistheir beliefs are to treat your own and leave the enemy to die so they don't live to fight another day. 2. When are group decisions better than individual decisions When are they not better Provide examples of effective individual and effective group decisions and explain why the method (individual vs. group worked well in the situation). Sometimes group decisions are better than individual decisions because each person in the group brings their perspective to the table for consideration. In the American judicial system you can choose between judge or jury to hear and decide your case. If you choose the judge your odds are 50-50.

Ceramic -- China Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ceramic -- China - Term Paper Example Ceramics range from construction materials (bricks & tiles), porcelain and vessels (Uta Grosenick & Caspar Schubbe, 2007 p.25). The earliest Chinese ceramics were produced during the Neolithic period (6000-1000BC), this was kind of utilitarian wares known has basic pottery. The cultures that were involved with this type of ceramics were Ta-ti-wan, Lun Shan and Ta-wen-Kau. They produced a number of ceramic arts such as, fanciful thin walled and burnished earthenware that were fully painted from soil ores. Majority of these ceramics were used by the respective cultures as ritual vessels during traditional ceremonies and events. They were hand built, characterized by grey, black and red colors, as such they were real evidence of craftsmanship and beauty during the ancient period. The emergence of Bronze period led to ceramic decline, and few were made resembling the ceramic shapes of metals that had appeared (Wang Guanyu, 2011 p.3). Chinese ceramics that was produced during the Han dynasty between 206 BC –AD 220, was well known as organized ceramic production. Example of these ceramics included mass produced functional vessels that were stamped with names of government offices, a sheer indication that ceramic workshops and works were controlled. Majority of the vessels produced were identical but one notable ceramic work was the lead glazing, this included a low fired glaze that was colored with copper to produce green, or use of iron to create yellow or brown colored items. The Chinese knew that lead was toxic to human beings and with this knowledge; they would only utilize ceramic works created from lead glazing for mortuary purposes rather than daily use (p7). The toxicity of lead glazing lead to some of the Southern China, and coastal regions to produce high fired stone ware that was incorporating wood or ash glaze, that produced a yellow colored type of work. The other part was the use of an expanded Han repertoire which

MARKETING JOURNAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MARKETING JOURNAL - Essay Example If there is no selling of the product, there would be no association of the need with the target audience and hence marketing might not be needed at all. Thus marketing looks to solve the problems in which the consumers are tied up and even when there is no problem at all – just to satisfy one’s desires – they are asked to purchase a product/service so as to have a better standing within a particular social circle or society. In other words, this encompasses the basis of self-esteem needs if not anything else. I believe that marketing employs a number of practices which are regarded as its sub-fields namely advertising, sales promotion activities, personal selling, public relations (or publicity) and direct mailing to name a few. With the passage of time, the definition of marketing has changed as it has included a pre-manufacture tilt to its basis with regards to a product and/or service. Selling gets differentiated from marketing in the fact that selling is only done when a product is made available on the shelf within a retail outlet while marketing starts even when there is an idea or concept of the related product and thus the whole game starts as a result of this hype within the relevant audiences. (Davidson, 1967) Now marketing aims to pinpoint the needs of the target consumers and addresses the same whilst meeting their very needs through the purchase of the product/service and its ultimate usage. Marketing in my opinion has both a positive as well as a negative impact on the individuals, the society at large and the economic settings of a country as well. What this means is the fact that marketing has targeted the different stakeholders with absolutely distinctive offers – and hence the fact that marketing looks glorious at the end of the day. Some individuals might view marketing as a very positive thing since it gives them the opportunity to analyze, judge and eventually understand the

President Barack Obama Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

President Barack Obama - Research Paper Example There is the United States of America.† His inspiring keynote speech appealed to all American’s who longed for politics with a common goal.   Throughout his 2008 presidential campaign, Obama remained true to this premise, promising to ease the partisan divide in Washington D.C.   However, he severely miscalculated the profound division between the political parties, misunderstood the reasons for the division, and assumed, erroneously, that his persuasive powers and political mandate would be enough to overcome it. The genesis of future difficulties began during his campaign. Obama’s overly optimistic message raised expectations so high for that those who voted for him were destined for disappointment.   The enthusiasm his campaign generated proved to be both beneficial and detrimental. While his message rallied many voters,’ especially unprecedented numbers of young persons and minorities encouraging them to anticipate change of a speed and scope that the political system seldom allows.   Following the inauguration the customary checks and balances of Washington were realized along with unexpected and extraordinary opposition of the minority party became apparent the feeling of hope present during the campaign turned into uncertainty and then disillusion. The Democratic Party made tremendous gains in the election of 2008. Barack Obama beat Republican John McCain in the presidential race by an overwhelming margin. Democrats also increased their majorities in both the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. Obama’s won the national popular vote by margin of approximately ten million. â€Å"He has won by the largest margin for a non-incumbent candidate for president since Eisenhower in 1952.† (Fernando, 2011) Essentially, the election result was a mass rejection of George W. Bush administration policies along with the Republican Party’s political platform and effectively ended almost three decades of rule by the right-wing ideology. The

National Security Council Essay Example for Free

National Security Council Essay The recent trend characterizing the US security policy is the gradual strengthening of the National Security Council. Under G. Bush administration this body gained significant power and influence. In this paper I’m going to investigate the reasons for this trend as well its advantages and disadvantages. In the international practice, National Security Council is generally defined as an executive body coordinating national security issues. National Security Council consists of the heads of departments involved in diplomacy and defense with a relatively small number of staff members. The US National Security Council was established in 1947 and substantially amended in 1949; the same year it was placed in the Executive Office of the President. The powers and influence of the US NSC has been gradually increasing during the second half of the 20th centuries; this trend is evident presently, too. As for the structure of the council, it is chaired by the President and encompasses Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the statutory military advisor to the Council, the Director of Central Intelligence as the intelligence advisor. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy have a right to be present at any meeting of the Council; others can be invited to attend NSC meeting if appropriate. The functions of the NSC are â€Å"considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. † (National Security Council official website, http://www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/) Every President made major or minor change in the powers and functions of the NSC in order to adjust it to his own management style. The ultimate goal of the NSC under Bush administration is to ensure collegiality among different departments coordinating military and diplomatic issues. But the functions of the NSC nowadays are much wider. The expert report that â€Å"the NSC today conducts ongoing relations with the media, Congress, the American public, and foreign governments. † (Daalder Destler, 2000, A New NSC for a New Administration, http://www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm) Even the official sources define the Council as â€Å"as a means of controlling and managing competing departments† and it’s functioning â€Å"depended in no small degree upon the interpersonal chemistry between the President and his principal advisers and department heads. † (Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, History of the National Security Council, http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm) The NSC is refered to as the â€Å"key foreign policy player in every administration since John F. Kennedys. † (Daalder Destler†¦) I strongly deem that the trend of NSC becoming more influential reflects the general trend of Presidential power becoming more authoritative. The fact that Condoleeza Rice rivals Colin Powell in influence is to a certain extent causes to the relations between Condoleeza Rice and the President. Another reason is that she had been an influential public figure in academic and political circles before joining the NSC. Karl Inderfurth and Loch Johnson (2004, p. 180) in their book Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council states that â€Å"Rice perhaps most closely resembles McGeorge Bundy, of the Kennedy Administration, who was the first non-invisible national-security adviser†¦Ã¢â‚¬  George Bush in the first National Security Presidential Directive stated that â€Å"The NSC shall meet at my direction. † (National Security Presidential Directive, 2001, http://www. fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm) The positive side of it is that the President can quickly obtain a qualified advice when needed. The negative side is that the NSC is an easy tool for controlling and redefining diplomatic and military policy of the county without consulting other major defense bodies. The same Directive states: â€Å"Except for those established by statute, other existing NSC interagency groups, ad hoc bodies, and executive committees are also abolished as of March 1, 2001, unless they are specifically reestablished as subordinate working groups within the new NSC system as of that date. † George Bush adjusted the Council to his own needs approximately after a year in the office. This is one more important reason why the President relies more on the NSC than on traditional bureaucracy. The structure of the NSC is relatively transparent and clear; it includes a limited number of members, although it has grown in size recently and resembles a governmental agency rather than an advisory committee. I would like to elaborate on another factor that contributes to the situation with the NSC. After the tragic events of 9/11 George Bush established the Office of Homeland Security under the governance of Tom Ridge, the President’s close friend. The functions of the NSC and the OHS often overlap; the possibility of the NSC becoming hegemonic in the sphere of homeland security decreased. Still, its role in the national security is hard to overestimate. Daalder Destler (2000) propose a clear list of reasons why the NSC evolved in the key agent in defence and foreign policy. They state that it was caused by â€Å"the half-century development and legitimization of the NSC as presidential coordinator for mainstream national security issues†¦[and]†¦the post-cold war expansion of the foreign policy agenda, with more issues that require coordination across more agencies†¦[and]†¦the deepening of partisanship in Washington, particularly over the last decade. † It’s hard to give a solely positive or negative evaluation of this trend. From one angle, the NSC is flexible and is able to react rapidly to any security threat. It may seem rational to grant excessive powers to the NSC. There would be no need to employ the bureaucratic machine of numerous agencies dealing with diplomacy, military aspects and homeland security. The NSC should be organized in such a way so that â€Å"the president can make clear foreign policy choices in a timely manner. † (Daalder Destler ) Daalder Destler study emphasises that the NSC major task is integrating the US foreign and defence policy, and it’s of high importance in the era of global terrorism. From another angle, the NSC is powered by the President, and there exists much space for manipulation. Recently, the NSC doesn’t manage efficiently with coordinating the national security bodies. For instance, some tension exists in relations between the NSC and the agencies like CIA. Now let me proceed with drawing the final conclusion of the paper. There exists a clear trend of the National Security Council becoming more influential and powerful under the George Bush administration; this happens for compelling reasons. The positive or negative evaluation of his trend largely depends on the degree of efficiency of the NSC organization and functioning. References 1. The White House, National Security Council http://www. whitehouse. gov/nsc/ Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 2. Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State, History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997 http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/NSChistory. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 3.National Security Presidential Directive, February 13, 2001 http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-1. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 4. The Brookings Institution, Foreign Policy Studies, Daalder, I. H. , Destler, I. M. , A New NSC for a New Administration, Nov 2000 http://www. brookings. edu/comm/policybriefs/pb68. htm Last accessed: 15 Oct 2004 5. Inderfurth, K. F. , Johnson, L. K. 2004. Fateful Decisions: Inside the National Security Council. Oxford University Press.

Communication Strategy Employed By Pop Artist Rihanna Film Studies Essay

Communication Strategy Employed By Pop Artist Rihanna Film Studies Essay In this essay, I will be analyzing how Rihanna has used the media to communicate or portray her different messages through her music. On the other hand, however, there is the media that has its own version of those messages thus, constructing different realities for the perceiving audience. The Media provides information and updates on various happenings and issues on all aspects to the public thus providing them basic knowledge and information to enable them make their own judgments and perceptions such as, social perceptions (Sadaf, 2011). Sadaf (2011) explains social perception as the means in which we make sense of our social world through media representations as it plays an important role in making some issues important and some issues important. I will then discuss Rihannas communication strategy to her audience through her music as well as persona using the narrative theory through communication as a structure. In reality, there is no RIHANNA. Her real name is Robyn Rihanna Fenty. Rihanna is a concept adopted by the music industry to sell music as Wall (2003;153) says, Stars are a form of capital in which a record company invests significant sums of money to gain publicity and reinforce an image they believe will in turn will generate greater sales of that stars records. The stars image however is not real. It is a representation of wider social values and a constructed set of individualness where the audience feels it knows the stars personality but in truth, this image is just a media text. How authentic a star may feel to its audience depends on success of the construction of the stars persona around the different facets of their personality (Wall, 2003; 153). Robyn Rihanna Fenty dropped two of her names and only took on Rihanna because it not only sounds exotic but also there was no Rihanna in the music business. That accorded her authenticity as an artist because when her name was mentioned, people would immediately know which Rihanna it was. Rihanna has thus been able to communicate messages of authenticness through the way she sings dresses and acts while in the public. This is a way for her to tell the public about herself and how her music is supposed to be understood.( Machin,2010;32) This she does through her choice of album names and sleeves from which the audience can make a guess at what she will sound like. Machin (2010; 34) also says that the images used on the album sleeves help communicate certain discourses, values, identities and so on. The chosen typefaces used for the artists name on the sleeve also communicate ideas and attitudes. In my observation, Rihannas public persona and her album sleeves contribute towards her authenticness as a musician but at the same communicating varying messages. Dyer (1987 cited in Tolson 2001) defined authenticity or the act of being yourself as a concept derived from the ideology of individualism where individuals are said to possess an inner irreducible essence. A true self behind whatever public face, or mask they may project. Rihannas authenticness can best be seen in an interview with Oprah on the Oprah Winfrey Show where the viewing audience was teased with a Rihnaana as youve never seen her before opening line. In this interview, Rihanna talks about her life and her relationship with Chris brown. Oprah succeeds in making her cry which is the epitome of the show as through Rihannas tears, the audience is able to feel her emotion. Tim Wall (2003;153) says the audience is made to feel like it knows the stars as individuals but that this experience is mediated through interviews, records, photos but the knowledge obtained about the stars is a product of carefully executed campaign plans all so to encourage the audience buy the stars records and an array of assorted merchandise. However, in the real world, there is no actual audience as they are mere constructions. An audience exists when a certain role has been played out that identifies with certain people who in turn become the audience. (Mafalda 2012) In the interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rihanna played the role of the victim by both the relationship with Chris Brown and in the media. However, the interesting part about the interview was how she turned the story around depicting Chris as troubled and in need of help. While the media had showed her as the victim, she called Chris the victim constructing a different reality for the audience from the one made by the media. Rihanna was able to expand her audience after her publicized domestic violence case with then boyfriend, Chris Brown. The issue was extensively covered by the media in which she was depicted as a vulnerable woman while Chris Brown as a beast. In turn, she used this to earn her more sympathizers and therefore generating a larger audience as she was now looked as a beacon of hope for domestically violated women while Chris Brown lost a few of his own audience as he was now labeled a woman beater. Celebity and scandal are closely linked where scandal is supposed to increase the celebrity quotient of the star. The scandal isnt just about the celebritys life alone but of events that accord them iconicity and notoriety (Nayar, ;113). Rihannas biggest scandal is her involvement with ex boyfriend Chris brown even though he beat her up early in the relationship and not even the fact that he has a girlfriend. Rihanna stirs controversy in her communication through her openness about sex. Wall (2003) suggests that Sexuality and the representation of gender and sexual preference play significant roles in the music and image of individual artists. Rihanna has featured numerous times in mens adult magazines such as GQ and Esquire, also singing a lot about sexual tendencies in songs such as Te Amo in which she plays out a l esbian scene and SM. SM refers to Sadism (S) and Masochism (M) defined by Weinberg (1987) as the frame with which people distinguish their pretend play from actual violence or domination; this frame hinges on the BDSM credo, safe, sane, and consensual. Another commonality is the recurring elements that are played with, including power (exchanging it, taking it, and/or giving it up), the mind (psychology), and sensations (using or depriving use of the senses and working with the chemicals released by the body when pain and/or intense sensation are experienced) (Pawlowski,  2009) In the song SM, Rihanna plays with the media in a way that depicts her first as an object for study. However, she is able to conquer the power from the journalists through BDSM. Edwards (1993) takes the concept of a beauty ideal one step further and contends that the black women featured in music videos exemplify physical characteristics of the tragic mulatto. Many of the black women featured in music videos depict a Westernized beauty ideal of lighter skin, long hair, and blue or green eyes. Previous research findings show that color tone could have some influence in the way a celebrity is perceived and is able to appeal to their audience. People attribute higher status and grant more power and wealth to people of one complexion, typically light skin, within the groups designated as non-white (Hunter 2011) Charles (2009a) suggests that hegemonic representations of white skin are thoroughly rooted in multiple social institutions including education, religion, mass media, and popular culture where images of white beauty do not simply rely on white women with blonde hair and light eyes to sell products. Rihanna uses her body to sell her image, through displaying her femininity recognizable through, for example, edgy clothing that combines frilly, pretty femininity with a masculine style and garments that suggest a more porn-inspired raunch (Levy, 2005). celebrity culture, through the pop musicians (Baker, 2004), provides a rich source of meanings around sexuality. These meanings appear to be heavily saturated by raunchy (see Levy, 2005) representations in music videos where body revealing clothing is accompanied by acts of sexual simulation, self-touching, sexual poses and so on (Jackson, Vares Gill, 2012). She has been able to promote her own personal brand through social networking skills using platforms like twitter, instagram, as well as her uniqueness in her hairstyles, fashion sense, lyrics and attitude. While a good brand elicits thoughts, a great brand elicits feelings. She has been able to create emotional friendships with her fans whom she calls the Rihanna Navy through her social network sites publicizing personal events such as the death of her grandmother whom she called grand gran Dolly. Rihanna has also been able to establish with time an archetype for her brand personality and story. This is in her on camera character as a defiant hardcore girl. This image can be seen in latest albums such as Good girl gone bad, Rated R and Unapologetic. Rihanna has been able to set herself as a brand using her fashion sense, being endorsed by brands such as Armani, Nivea, Oprah, Nike and Clinique increasing her social capital. Her diversity in the brands she promotes suggests her success as a star. However, When celebrities endorse a particular product, the public is more likely to believe in its effectiveness and purchase the product, and when a celebrity particularly endorses a skin-lightening product, they are also endorsing the act of skin-lightening itself, suggesting that their own beauty is attainable and that skin-lightening is a mainstream, culturally acceptable act (Hunter,2011). McCracken (1989 cited in Grace Phang ;4) states that a consumer sees a celebrity endorsing a product and they recognize the essential similarity between the message, product, and celebrity and transfers the meanings of that celebrity to the product simply because Celebrities play roles where their image carries the meanings of those roles. All above factors mentioned have helped her build an identity as a celebrity. However, her Caribbean beats and looks had been around for a while and to succeed as a star she had to undergo a massive change. The duet with Justin Timberlake saw her morph from the girl dancing to Pon De Replay to the woman that invoked desire. This metamorphism in character and identity expanded her fan base. Her identity did not just change with her choice of songs but also her wardrobe. She cut her hair short and dyed it black which also grew a series of metamorphism where it went from cheek length to just one side long the other remaining short, to being boyishly short and finally red. This cutting of her hair was not just fashion sense speaking but she was communicating to an audience. Rihanna has been able to express herself in a variety of ways especially through her dress code, most notably her hairstyles. However, this is a mere strategy to sell her image, as it is a constructed image that the audience associates with her. As observed, all music or movie stars are a mere construction, they are a source of capital for record companies that own them. (Wall,2003;153). A lot of money is invested in Rihanna as the brand, therefore, developing and publicizing her star image is not just to sell individual records as people always need something new to keep them interested but as a brand or commodity (Wall,2003; 154). This practice involves ongoing maintenance of a fan base, performed intimacy, authenticity and access, and construction of a consumable persona. popularity is maintained through ongoing fan management; and self-presentation is carefully constructed to be consumed by others.

Affirmative Action Initiative in South Africa

Affirmative Action Initiative in South Africa Affirmative action is an initiative adopted by the South African government, which seeks to correct the imbalance of wealth and provide opportunities to the people who were adversely affected as a result of the apartheid regime. It has created a situation where organizations are required to meet specific employment targets for persons of colour in order to operate to the satisfaction of the state. As a result, these people are able to participate in the corporate environment at an accelerated rate. On the contrary, many white South Africans are finding it difficult to obtain their most select employment. The efficiency of affirmative action is best analyzed by assessing its objective of promoting black representation in the workplace and comparing it to empirical evidence. Figures provided by the government indicate that the unemployment rate has steadily declined annually since the inception of the study (September 2001). The September 2007 average unemployment rate of 23% is significantly lower than 29.4% in September 2001. This provides evidence that the policy is doing well to provide work to more South Africans. (www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0210/P0210September2007.pdf) However, a more in-depth study reveals the change in unemployment rates amongst each population group. The best results have been for black people with a decline from approximately 35% (September 2001) to 26.8% (September 2007). The Indian people in the country also improved from approximately 19% to 10% over the same period. White and coloured unemployment rates have remained relatively static over this period at approximately 5% and 20% respectively. This bodes well for black and Indian people and is a strong indicator that affirmative action is achieving its goals. The policy seems to be failing in its attempt to compensate the coloured population. (www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0210/P0210September2007.pdf) However, there are problems that are emerging from affirmative action that is having a detrimental effect on the performance on enterprises and the overall success of the economy. The instantaneous and rapid enactment of affirmative action has seen unqualified persons attaining important positions. Many of these people were/are incapable of fulfilling the roles they have been assigned. This has a negative impact on, firstly, the corporation employing these people as they incur costs without the required level of service from their employees. It also adversely affects the consumer, who is dependant upon those employed by organizations to make the best decisions in order to obtain maximum reward. A situation exists whereby unskilled employees are filling skilled positions. (www.sairr.org.za/press-office/institute-opinion) Another concern is that many white South Africans are leaving the country, resulting in a major shortage of fundamental skills. The South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR) revealed that between 1995 and 2005, one million white South Africans moved abroad. The lack of adequate services has left the country in desperate need of professionals. These people also served as mentors/teachers to inexperienced employees and accelerated their development in the organizations thus exacerbating the problem of their departure. (www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article) Many contend that a weakness of the affirmative action policy is that it creates a minority of rich black people and does not help the rest (www.new.bbc.co.uk). The majority of the black population are unskilled workers without educations. These people are likely to struggle even with affirmative action in place as their employment options are limited to low income earning sectors due to educational and language problems. It is anticipated that the current generation of black children will reap the benefits of the policy. The government has put facilities in place to ensure these people are schooled and can attain funding for universities. These are the real beneficiaries of the system as their employment options are diverse. It would therefore seem that the efficiency of affirmative action should only be interpreted to a significant extent when the current black youth reaches adulthood. A contentious issue arises when deciphering whether affirmative action is fair. The reality is that apartheid deprived groups of basic needs such as education which hindered their development in the economy. It is necessary that policies are in place to accelerate their participation due to their unfortunate position. Therefore it seems fair that such policies are in place. The people of colour suffered through the white government. Many will never have a fair opportunity of creating a rich lifestyle for themselves. Affirmative action could be perceived to be unfair to the current and future white youth. These people are borne into a system whereby they are automatically limited in their options. The effective state of affairs is that many white people are paying the price for crimes for which they (the youth) did not commit and played no part. Although the task is more difficult, these people are still able to lead wealthy lifestyles in South Africa. One could engage the matter from another perspective with regards to ‘fairness’. Perhaps the current white generation are beneficiaries of the apartheid system. This is due to the fact that during that era, white people were able to acquire employment very easily which often paid high incomes. As a result, much of the white youth of South Africa have attended good schools and experienced financially stable upbringings. This has substantially increased their ability to attain a high level of education at universities leading to success in the working environment. Therefore, white people have an unfair advantage over others due to the inequalities of the past. It would therefore seem appropriate that this advantage were lessened, which is achieved through the affirmative action system. There is definite reason to believe that affirmative action has had a ‘demeaning’ effect on persons from all groups. On the one hand, many white people lose faith in their future as they get rejected by enterprises. This would likely result in a loss of confidence in not only the system but in themselves. White people would feel inadequate and begin to doubt their abilities. This presents a situation where affirmative action has impacted the self-esteem of individuals. Similar consequences could occur for persons of colour, although for different reasons. The fact that people are employed by organizations solely due to the colour of their skin may well have a negative psychological impact on these employees. They are made to feel undeserved of attaining their positions by much of the public through widespread publications in the media. At the same time, many of these employees are in fact incapable of performing the roles that they are required to do, exacerbating their feelings of unworthiness when asked to perform such functions. Therefore, the affirmative action policy is potentially depriving these people of natural emotions of success, especially feelings of self-pride or achievement in the workplace as well as a sense of belonging to their organizations. There is a key issue to analyze prior to assessing the overall accuracy of accusing affirmative action to be inefficient, unfair and demeaning. One needs to clarify the purpose of the policy which is best defined through court law, â€Å"The purpose of affirmative action is not to make identified victims (of past discrimination) whole, but rather to dismantle prior patterns of employment discrimination and to prevent discrimination in the future. Such relief is provided to the class as a whole rather than to individual members. No individual is entitled to relief and the beneficiaries need not show that they were victims of discrimination† (www.deneysreitz.co.za). The intentions of affirmative action are not to make white people worse off, but instead improve the economic position of other groups. There are no ideals in place that seek to harm or discriminate against white people. The other key question that must be asked is whether affirmative action is necessary for South Africa? The country suffers from widespread poverty, especially the black people. These people make up a majority of the population, yet they continuously struggle to assert themselves in the economy. There is an obvious need to alter the difficult living conditions of these people, both now and in the future. The long term solution to the survival and success of these groups is to get them involved actively. Affirmative action ensures that this occurs. The current ‘exodus’ of white people makes it even more important that persons of colour are learning the skills necessary to ensure South Africa is able to run effectively and experience adequate growth. Affirmative action cannot be perceived as unfair, it should rather be perceived as a necessary initiative for the benefit of the country as a whole. The white group should be willing to forfeit ‘absolute equality’ as a result of their past racism which greatly harmed and setback the country. However, as noted above, there are inefficiencies and demeaning repercussions that have emerged due to affirmative action. It is still too early to interpret overall efficiency. It would make sense to expect improvement in the future as more black children come through the educational system which creates a solid platform for their development and participation. It is clearly not a perfect method, but seems to be the best available solution to counter the current economic imbalance. References Statistics South Africa, Labour Force Survey, pg 11,24, September 2007, [Online],  Available: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0210/P0210September2007.pdf [2008, June 3]. Deneys/Reitz Attorneys, Affirmative Action Case Law Developments, Sheet Metal Workers Industrial Association v EEOC, 11 May 2004 [Online],  Available: http://www.deneysreitz.co.za/seminars/item/affirmative_action_case_law_developments,446.html [2008, June 3]. Vuyo Jack, Business Report: The Income Gap is Closing but not Fast Enough, 16 March 2008, [Online],  Available: http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=2512fArticleId=4304342 [2008, June 3]. Peet van Aardt, FIN24.com: Million Whites leave SA –Study, 24 September 2006, [Online], Available: http://www.fin24.com/articles/default/display_article.aspx?Nav=nsArticleID=1518-25_2003186 [2008, June 4]. South African Institute of Race Relations : Signs that South Africa’s affirmative action debate is growing up, [Online], Available:  http://www.sairr.org.za/press-office/institute-opinion/signs-that-south-africa2019s-affirmative-action-debate-is-growing-up.html [2008, June 4]. BBC News: SA Poverty Gap Remains, 27 July 2000, [Online], Available:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/854306.stm [2008, June 4].

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney :: essays research papers

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was born on February 25th, 1746 at Charleston, the eldest son of a politically prominent planter and a remarkable mother who introduced and promoted indigo culture in South Carolina. 7 years later, he accompanied his father, who had been appointed colonial agent for South Carolina, to England. As a result, the young Charles enjoyed a European education. Pinckney received tutoring in London, attended several preparatory schools, and went on to Christ Church College, Oxford, where he heard the lectures of the legal authority Sir William Blackstone and graduated in 1764. Pinckney next pursued legal training at London's. Middle Temple and was accepted for admission into the English bar in 1769. He then spent part of a year touring Europe and studying chemistry, military science, and botany under leading authorities. Late in 1769, Pinckney sailed home and the next year entered practice in South Carolina. His political career began in 1769, when he was elected to the provincial assembly. When South Carolina organized its forces in 1775 to battle the British, Pinckney joined the First South Carolina Regiment as a captain. He soon rose to the rank of colonel and fought in the South in defence of Charleston and in the North at the Battles of Brandywine, PA, and Germantown, PA. When Charleston fell in 1780, he was taken prisoner and held until 1782. The following year, he was discharged as a brevet brigadier general.Pinckney was one of the leaders at the Constitutional Convention. Present at all the sessions, he strongly advocated a powerful national government. His proposal that senators should serve without pay was not adopted, but he exerted influence in such matters as the power of the Senate to ratify treaties and the compromise that was reached concerning abolition of the international slave trade. After the convention, he defended the Constitution in South Carolina. In 1796, however, he accepted the post of Minister to France, but the revolutionary regime there refused to receive him and he was forced to proceed to the Netherlands. The next year, though, he returned to France when he was appointed to a special mission to restore relations with that country. During the ensuing XYZ affair, refusing to pay a bribe suggested by a French agent to facilitate negotiations, he was said to have replied "No! No! Not a sixpence!"When Pinckney arrived back in the United States in 1798, he found the country preparing for war with France.

Economics Today :: essays research papers

The Economics Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The opening bell on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange September 17, 2001 was a ring that no one was sure about. The Stock Exchange had not been open since the tragedies that occurred on September 11, and many were skeptical about how the market would fare on its first day of trading. We lost not only our stability of our nation the day the planes hit the World Trade Centers, but the stability of our economy as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dow Jones closed at 8,920.70 and suffered the worst point loss since December of 1998. Many other indexes dropped just as sharply after the opening bell and stayed down until the market closed for the day. The losses could have been far worse had the Federal Reserve not cut short-term federal funds interest rates from 3.5% to 3%. It was the Federal Reserves’ eighth interest cut this year and the third to occur between scheduled meetings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Major banks, such as the European Central Bank and central banks in Canada and Switzerland also cut key interest rates in what was seen as a coordinated effort to restrict the financial damage of the terrorist tragedies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, despite government efforts, the market losses were still great. Major financial companies lost ground as well. Bank of America Corp.’s stock dropped by 5.72%. Citigroup lost 6.71%. Broader indexes’ losses were slightly lower. The Wilshire 5000 lost 513.31 points, or 5.08%, closing at 9,590.69.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hit hardest were the airlines. Analysts predict that the airline industry, already weakened by the slowing economy, could lose more than $10 billion in the wake of that week’s terrorists attacks. Delta Airlines plans to cut 80% of its flights. Continental Airlines officials said in a statement they have seen a â€Å"drastic drop in bookings in an already-declining economy†. Since the FAA allowed flights to resume last Thursday, Continental has been running only about 50% of its flights, with an average of about half the seats full. Continental was also said to have $800 million in cash on hand, but that it was burning through it at a rate of $30 million a day to stay in business. Many companies have told their employees to avoid airlines in light of the recent tragedies, and without help from Congress or more people flying, Continental could go bankrupt by the end of October.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last Friday, the House of Representatives introduced a bill that would provide $15 billion in direct aid, loans, and credit to the nation’s airlines. Economics Today :: essays research papers The Economics Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The opening bell on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange September 17, 2001 was a ring that no one was sure about. The Stock Exchange had not been open since the tragedies that occurred on September 11, and many were skeptical about how the market would fare on its first day of trading. We lost not only our stability of our nation the day the planes hit the World Trade Centers, but the stability of our economy as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dow Jones closed at 8,920.70 and suffered the worst point loss since December of 1998. Many other indexes dropped just as sharply after the opening bell and stayed down until the market closed for the day. The losses could have been far worse had the Federal Reserve not cut short-term federal funds interest rates from 3.5% to 3%. It was the Federal Reserves’ eighth interest cut this year and the third to occur between scheduled meetings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Major banks, such as the European Central Bank and central banks in Canada and Switzerland also cut key interest rates in what was seen as a coordinated effort to restrict the financial damage of the terrorist tragedies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However, despite government efforts, the market losses were still great. Major financial companies lost ground as well. Bank of America Corp.’s stock dropped by 5.72%. Citigroup lost 6.71%. Broader indexes’ losses were slightly lower. The Wilshire 5000 lost 513.31 points, or 5.08%, closing at 9,590.69.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hit hardest were the airlines. Analysts predict that the airline industry, already weakened by the slowing economy, could lose more than $10 billion in the wake of that week’s terrorists attacks. Delta Airlines plans to cut 80% of its flights. Continental Airlines officials said in a statement they have seen a â€Å"drastic drop in bookings in an already-declining economy†. Since the FAA allowed flights to resume last Thursday, Continental has been running only about 50% of its flights, with an average of about half the seats full. Continental was also said to have $800 million in cash on hand, but that it was burning through it at a rate of $30 million a day to stay in business. Many companies have told their employees to avoid airlines in light of the recent tragedies, and without help from Congress or more people flying, Continental could go bankrupt by the end of October.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last Friday, the House of Representatives introduced a bill that would provide $15 billion in direct aid, loans, and credit to the nation’s airlines.

The Economics of Illicit Drugs Essay -- Crime and Drugs

In this essay I will define drug abuse and show the economic impact of the sales of illicit drugs. I will introduce an argument for legalization and the impact to the economy. Next I will discuss some of the economic cost from lack of productivity, health care cost and other cost associated with Drug abuse. In order to understand the economic impact of illicit drugs we must first define what a drug is. A drug is defined as any substance other than food that affects the way your mind or body works. Abuse is defined as the wrong use or misuse of something. So drug abuse would be defined as the wrong use of drugs. As a D.A.R.E. officer, this definition has been ingrained into my mind for the past eighteen years. During my twenty years of Law Enforcement I have learned how dangerous drugs are to the economy. They damage your body and drug abuse also has a huge economic impact on the country. In the United States there are two types of drugs legal and illegal. The legal drugs have two subcategories, prescription and over the counter. Prescription drugs are placed into different categories called schedules. The ones that have a highest chance for abuse or addiction have a higher place in the schedule. Schedule I drugs are the drugs that have no safe or accepted medical use in the United States. Examples are heroin, marijuana, LSD, PCP, and crack cocaine. As you go down the schedule the drugs become less addictive and have a small potential for abuse, but are still controlled by the Drug Enforcement Agency. Schedule V are the lowest controlled drugs. Examples are codeine, valium and xanax Non prescription drugs are those that are sold over the counter and you do not need a prescription to purchase. The illegal o... ...0,000,000 on the health care, productivity and other cost, yet in the same time period we only spent $150 Billion on enforcing the drug laws. If we focused on the treatment and rehabilitation of drug abusers, I feel a substantial portion of the trillion dollars could be used for other things. The economic benefit could possibly be unmeasurable. Works Cited Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) . (n.d.). Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) . Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/ Moomaw, R. L., Olson, K. W., & Edgmand, M. R. (2007). Crime and Drugs a Modern Delima. Economics and contemporary issues (7th ed., pp. 201-216). Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF DRUG. (2001, September 1). National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Retrieved April 7, 2011, from www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/economic_costs98.pdf

Women Suceptability To Hiv Health And Social Care Essay

Holy Cross Hospital is a 240 bed degree one infirmary located in the rural Pondoland of Eastern Cape in the old Transkei, South Africa. It serves a population of about 50,000 around Flagstaff, Lusikisiki, Mkambathi and Bizana. There are 153 members of the infirmary staffs. The bulk of the rural people are hapless and as such, diseases associated with poorness are prevailing among the people: TB, malnutrition and HIV/AIDS. The infirmary is divided into different units among them is the HIV Clinic where bulk of patient on the life salvaging ART roll up their medicines. Fig 6: Number of employees at Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape. Management 10, Professionals 56, Clerical 22, Unskilled 65 In the rural community where adult females are the objects of societal force like colza, domestic assault and worst affected by poorness, they can merely be subjugated by the harrying effects of HIV. There are other parts that could be attributed to the prevalence of the disease among the adult females rural inhabitants. Female venereal mutilation although non a bulwark in South African societies, this could non be wholly ruled out in the rural communities where a batch of activities on traveling are underreported due to hapless media coverage. In another scenario, the act of masochism is besides a fuelling factor- a male dominant society.LITERATURE REVIEWIn the planetary, national and local reappraisals of HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence, it has ever been that adult females are at higher proportion. Even in the events of related decease, adult females are at the greater loss. There must be factors responsible for such properties. In a related comparing, prenatal attendants in Sout h Africa have greater Numberss of the virus than the mean population. Here, the ground is obvious ; to be pregnant meant unprotected sexual intercourse. Different reappraisals of one-year prenatal studies in South Africa as conducted by UNAIDS, AIDS epidemic update, 2009 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unicef.org/factoftheweek/index_53596.html ) the Human Sciences Research Council ( HSCR ) has ever shows a greater per centums than the national HIV/AIDS prevalence. This is besides the same in many other states of the universe. Although, the virus was foremost discovered in 1981 among homosexual work forces in the United States of America, the displacement in the paradigm is a cause for concern. â€Å" This epidemic unluckily remains an epidemic of adult females. † – Michel Sidibe , Executive Director of UNAIDS. â€Å" At the terminal of 2009 it was estimated that out of the 33.3 million grownups world-wide populating with HIV and AIDS, more than half are adult females. It is suggested that 98 per centum of these adult females live in developing states. The AIDS epidemic has had a alone impact on adult females, which has been exacerbated by their function within society and their biological exposure to HIV infection.A Generally adult females are at a greater hazard of heterosexual transmittal of HIV. Biologically adult females are twice more likely to go septic with HIV through unprotected heterosexual intercourse than work forces. In many states adult females are less likely to be able to negociate rubber usage and are more likely to be subjected to non-consensual sex. Additionally, 1000000s of adult females have been indirectly affected by the HIV and AIDS epidemic. Women ‘s childbearing function means that they have to postulate with issues such as mother-to-child transmittal of HIV. The duty of caring for AIDS patients and orphans is besides an issue that has a greater consequence on adult females † ( Avert, 2010 ) 1.State2001 prevalence %2002 prevalence %2003 prevalence %2004 prevalence %2005 prevalence %2006 prevalence %2007 prevalence %KwaZulu-Natal33.536.537.540.739.139.137.4Mpumalanga29.228.632.630.834.832.132.0Free State30.128.830.129.530.331.133.5Gauteng29.831.629.633.132.430.830.3North West25.226.229.926.731.829.029.0Eastern Cape21.723.627.128.029.528.626.0Crocodile river14.515.617.519.321.520.618.5Northern Cape15.915.116.717.618.515.616.1Western Cape8.612.413.115.415.715.112.6National24.826.527.929.530.229.128.0Estimated HIV prevalence among prenatal clinic attendants, by state ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/ safricastats.htmAgeMale prevalence %Female prevalence %2-143.02.015-192.56.720-245.121.125-2915.732.730-3425.829.135-3918.524.840-4419.216.345-496.414.150-5410.410.255-596.27.760+3.51.8Entire7.913.6Estimated HIV prevalence among South Africans, by age and sex, 2008 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert.org/safricastats.htm ) There are different distinctive features to the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in different societies, but the common features globally are the larger adult females exposure. However in the context of Africa, the prevalent poorness, female gender misdemeanor and the alarming in incidences of colza instances in the rural South Africa, male dominated society, unemployment, and illiteracy are some of the prevailing fortunes increasing the exposure to the virus. In the scientific position, adult females still take greater proportion of PLWHA. The open countries of female venereal piece of land are greater than male and vaginal mucosal are more crumbly which become easy bruised with harsh sex. For every brush of heterosexual intercourse, adult females are at greater hazard of reaching HIV ( WHO, 2010 ) . The same rule besides applies to the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Womans have been known to bear the greater load. Access to information is besides another important factor that is missing among adult females. Many of which are uneducated and as such, the Numberss of adult females in the places of power and authorization are slender. To do informed pick and cognition of bar of HIV/AIDS is rather lacking. â€Å" Lack of instruction and economic security affects 1000000s of adult females and misss, whose literacy degrees are by and large lower than work forces and male childs ‘ . Many adult females, particularly those populating with HIV, lose their places, heritage, ownerships, supports and even their kids when their spouses die. This forces many adult females to follow survival schemes that increase their opportunities of catching and distributing HIV. Educating misss makes them more equipt to do safer sexual determinations † ( WHO, 2010 ) . Crime rate is another spotlight to the spread of HIV/AIDS. This act of force makes adult females to be the objects of onslaughts. In the local communities across South Africa, gender force is prevailing attitude. It was late reported that British twosome tourers were abducted in the rural community of Khayelitstha in Cape Town. The adult female was said to hold been raped and finally killed by the rural goons. The act of this societal force is merely non against the local adult females once more, it has transcended beyond the local communities. The narrative became a planetary sensational narrative. â€Å" A 26-year-old adult male has been charged with commandeering the auto of a British twosome who were honeymooning in Cape Town at the weekend and slaying the bride, constabulary said Wednesday.The adult male from Khayelitsha, the sprawling township on the outskirts of Cape Town where Anni Dewani ‘s organic structure was found, was charged within hours of being taken into cons tabulary detention on Tuesday † ( Afro News 24, 2010 ) . The common local believe in South Africa is that HIV/AIDS is curable by holding sexual intercourse with virgin or person old who has abstain from sex for long clip. This is a remarkable factor announcing the up-surge in the colza instances in the state. Of class the traditional physicians ( Sangoma ) frequently times indoctrinate immature work forces populating with the virus to hold sex with virgin in order to be remedy. Statistically, South Africa has the largest figure of PLWHA worldwide than any other state. And with the local believe, the present state of affairs would hold been expected. Another misnomer is the tradition of adult females submissiveness. A good adult female is rather frequently viewed by the local communities as submissive to her hubby, non oppugning her hubby about his sexual life, ready to give sex anytime without dialogue and must bear many kids. This attitude frequently endangers adult females life and possibly the unborn kids in state of affairs where the adult male of the house engages in coincident multiple sexual partnerships. A recent study in a local community in a South Africa neighboring state, Botswana found that 62 % of work forces have engaged in multiple sexual partnerships in the old three months ( New York State, 2010 ) . This is merely what happens in a state non ill-famed for high incidence of force against adult females. Then, the state of affairs could be far making in the rural South African communities.OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS AND HYPOTHESISHIV/AIDS prevalence is greater among Womans?HIV as normally known is Human Immunodeficien cy virus while AIDS is the terminal phase of HIV infection. AIDS is Acquired Immune lack Syndrome. In most instances, HIV infection depending on the immune position of the septic persons can quickly come on to AIDS in a year`s clip without medical intercession. However, there were records of people that have lived more than 20 old ages on ART after despite the virus4. The commonest manner of transmittal of the virus in sub-Sahara Africa is through heterosexual intercourse. Prevalence is an epidemiological parametric quantity evaluation the distribution of disease status in a population at a peculiar clip. While incidence focal points on the happening of new form of a disease status. Prevalence encompasses both the new and the bing diseased in a population. In the events of HIV/AIDS, new instances of HIV will be considered as incidence and both the new instances and those that have AIDS are expressed as the prevalence of the disease.Prevalence = entire Numberss of people with disease status A- 100entire figure of the populationThe age of consent for expiration of gestation ( TOP ) in South Africa was one time said to be 12 old ages. However, this has late been reviewed by the Health Professions Council of South Africa ( HPCSA ) ( HPCSA, 2010 ) . Presently, there is no age limitation for TOP. Amongst many other things brewing the ceaseless addition in the figure of adolescent gestation and childhood HIV/AIDS is this reviewed ethical consideration of age of consent for TOP. Therefore, anybody that is 12 old ages old or more and pregnant are considered as female parent and the fable of muliebrity applies. In contrast, the same definition of been a adult female is considered after the age of adolescence ( after 18 old ages ) for non pregnant females. This regulation besides applies for work forces after adolescence. Testing the hypothesis, it a widely believed that HIV/AIDS is a gender related disease status and that the status is at higher prevalence among adult females. There are different statements that could be put frontward to back up this misnomer in the society. For case, HIV/AIDS and STI prevalence is higher among female commercial sex workers. They serve as reservoir of infection in the community. This form could be acceptable as different people sleep with workers whose HIV and STI position are non verified. This may account for a greater incidence among adult females. However, it is merely a handful Numberss of adult females that engages in commercial sexual activities and this can non be generalised for all. Cultural patterns are the ways of people which has been over clip been accepted as norm in the society. Africans have several norms and patterns that are assisting to fuel the spread of HIV/AIDS. But are at that place any cultural believe that make HIV/AIDS adult females heritage? Polygamy and multiple sexual partnerships are accepted among many African civilizations. Work force are frequently seen as the dominant factors in most African societies and the strength of his domination is frequently designated by how many adult females he could hold sex with. The work forces are even sometimes adored with particular fears: holding multiple sexual spouses as the nature of work forces, they need to hold frequent sex as to maintain tantrum and healthy and multiple sexual partnerships denote suppressing adult females. Are these defects in our modern society? Another ground ascribed to adult females higher HIV/AIDS prevalence? In the aftermath of HIV/AIDS pandemic, the usage of barrier method of HIV bar was among the initial intercessions to control the spread of HIV. Male rubbers were so introduced and later the female rubbers. It is known facts that have been proved over times that condoms prevent HIV spread efficaciously. However, to utilize rubber in each sexual brush is non a exclusive duty, collaborative attempts is needed. In the society where adult females are already subdued by the social norms, regulations and ordinances, negociating sex with rubber is regarded as act of insubordination. Consistent and right usage of rubbers for adult females in heterosexual relationships is frequently compromised. Dry sex is another common demand of local African work forces from adult females. They claim that it gives work forces intense sexual satisfactions. Womans whose venereal mucosal are easy bruised are the object of mark for HIV and STI. In the most of these concerns laid above, adult females are at the disadvantage. The survey below looks at the epidemic among adult females, prenatal attendants and work forces in the rural Pondoland.RESEARCH QUESTIONSaˆ? What is the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adult females and work forces measuring Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape for medical intervention? aˆ? HIV/AIDS is more prevailing among adult females than work forces? aˆ? For the Antenatal attendants, do they hold higher HIV prevalence than other two groups as depicted in the South African prenatal HIV prevalence? aˆ? What are the cause ( s ) of higher HIV/AIDS among adult females in the rural Pondoland?Analysis OF HIV/AIDSWomans are the critical nutriment of our communities, yet most vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. This needs an pressing intercession. The disease status has all its tentacles in all facet of life of both rural and urban South African inhabitants. It has crippled many family of beginning of support and as such many rural fatherlands are being headed by kids. This is the coupled factor to increased Numberss of orphan kids in Pondoland.Purpose OF THE STUDYThe causal relationships of the virus and higher prevalence among adult females are critically reviewed with the purpose of find precise and curious intercession schemes in the rural Pondoland. Although most rural African communities do hold common antiquity, the schemes conveying relieve from HIV/AIDS epidemic may be expressed to each community. This is an effort to concentrate on such schemes.Importance OF THE RESEARCH STUDYIn the world, we do non cognize precisely how many people that are populating with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. The national and prenatal prevalence are extrapolations and tax write-offs. This study will be a study to cognize how many of Holy Cross Hospital grownup patients live with virus. The causes of such septic grownups and the necessary intercession to control the spread of the virus.THE RESEACH METHODOLOGY ( HIV/AIDS prevalence is greater among adult females? A infirmary based survey )The design of the survey will be randomised prospective survey of adult females, Antenatal attendants and work forces measuring Holy Cross Hospital, Eastern Cape, South Africa for medical interventions. The research is traveling to be questionnaires based with translator available to interpret and explicate inquiries to the participants in the survey. The translator will be chosen among the infirmary volunteered nurse for the interest of uniformity of linguistic communication interlingual rendition and c onsequence result. It is known fact that many of the grownup members of Pondoland rural community are non huge with usage of English linguistic communication. The point distribution of the questionnaires will be at the outpatient section, exigency unit and at the antenatal clinic which takes topographic point every Thursdays. These are the first points of contact for any patient measuring the infirmary for the first clip. The survey will be conducted over the initial period of 1 ( one ) twelvemonth from January boulder clay December 2011. The mark figure of the participants will be capped as 500. There will be three groups of the participants: ( 1 ) adult females go toing outpatient and exigency sections for medical intervention, ( 2 ) work forces go toing outpatient and exigency sections for medical intervention and ( 3 ) adult females go toing prenatal clinic. The age group that will be included are adult females and work forces between 18-65 old ages old and pregnant adult females more age 12. As the survey is divided into three groups and to be conducted in three infirmary section, the form of questionnaires distribution will be stratified. The first four months of 2011 ( January till April ) , both the principal research worker ( for my portion ) and the helper, we will merely concentrate on patient go toing exigency unit, May till August 2011 in the outpatient section and September through December in the prenatal unit. The method of everyday attack will be that at every contact with the participants, the research aims and concentrate will be explained and the voluntaries are selected based on age standards will be tested for HIV. For every participant, voluntary guidance and proving for HIV will be conducted by the principal research worker and written consent will be documented for every participant. Note, all information will be treated with confidential and consequence of the research will non be linked to the participants. A rapid showing HIV proving kit for HIV 1 and 2 ( ELISA 1 and 2 ) will be used throughout the survey. Every consequence will be read after 30 proceedingss. For those proving positive for HIV, they will be offered medical aid for farther research lab trials ( CD4 counts, viral tonss, full blood counts and liver map trial ) and necessary medical intervention. Each participant will be allowed sufficient clip to make full in the questionnaires but should be return before go forth ing the infirmary premises. The construction of the inquiries will be in different subdivisions with the initial portion turn toing the demographic informations, cognition about HIV/AIDS, behavioral hazard factors for HIV/AIDS, measuring hazard of societal force and preventative scheme for HIV/AIDS. The inside informations of the questionnaire are as follows:Demographic DataAge: ( a ) 12 – 25 old ages ( B ) 26 – 35 old ages ( degree Celsius ) 36 – 45 old ages ( vitamin D ) 46 – 55 old ages ( vitamin E ) 56 – 65years ( degree Fahrenheit ) more than 65 old ages Gender: ( a ) Male ( B ) Female Occupation: ( a ) non-skilled worker ( B ) semi-skilled worker ( degree Celsius ) skilled worker ( vitamin D ) immigrant worker Marital Status: ( a ) Single ( B ) life partnership ( degree Celsius ) Married ( vitamin D ) Divorced Religion: ( a ) Christian ( B ) Muslim ( degree Celsius ) Traditional Race: ( a ) Black ( B ) White ( degree Celsius ) Coloured ( vitamin D ) Indian Monthly Income: ( a ) Roentgen 500.00 – Roentgen 3000.00 ( B ) Roentgen 3001.00 – Roentgen 10, 000.00 ( degree Celsius ) R 10,001.00 – Roentgen 20, 000.00 ( vitamin D ) greater than R 20, 000. 00 ( vitamin E ) unemployedKnowledge about HIV/AIDS1. HIV is the abbreviation of Human Immunodeficiecy Virus Y N D2. Sexual activity intercourse with multiple sexual spouses increases the hazard of geting HIVY N D3. Transfusion of unscreened HIV infected blood can take to HIV infection Y N D4. sharing nutrient with AIDS patient can take to HIV infection Y N D5. venereal diseases are risk factors for HIV infection Y N D6. Terbium is an illustration of timeserving infection Y N D7. HIV infected individual should non unwrap his/her position because of stigma Y N D8. HIV/AIDS is a godly penalty for unfaithfulness Y N D9. PLWHA should non be employed because they are underproductive and weakY N D10. HIV is passed on by sneezing, manus shingle, caressing, and kiping togetherY N D 11. HIV/AIDS is entirely big disease and the young person should non be concerned.Y N D12. HIV bar instruction should merely be a precedence in schools and collegesY N DAdapted from: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001270/127076eo.pdf ) Y = Yes, N = No, D = Do n't cognize, FBO = Faith Based Organisations, PLWHA = People Living with HIV/AIDSBehavioural Risk Factors for HIV/AIDSMake you smoke coffin nail, if yes, how many per twenty-four hours? Make you imbibe alcohol? If yes, how many bottles per twenty-four hours? Do you hold more than one sexual spouse? If yes how many? Has any of your sexual spouse ( s ) been treated for STI in the past three months? Make you cognize sexual spouse ( s ) HIV position? If yes, what is it? Are you in polygamous relationship? Have you been sexually been abused by your spouse or mistreat your sexual spouse in the past three months? What is your sentiment about dry sex? Have you portion needle and endovenous drug with your friend before? If yes when was it? Make you prosecute or patronize commercial sex workers? If employed, does your occupation maintain you off from your place more than two hebdomads or more? Are you or your male spouse circumcised?Measuring hazard of societal forceHave you of all time been sexually abused by opposite gender? Have you been sexually abused by your spouse ( s ) or abused your sexual spouse in the past three months? If yes, when was the first maltreatment? And how terrible was it? Does your spouse have fire arm? And if yes, does he/she endanger to kill you before? Have you of all time sustain any signifier of physical or emotional harm from spouse force? Does your spouse respects your sentiment if you are non in the temper of holding sex? How can you depict the last three sexual brushs with your spouse ( s ) ? Make you cognize if your spouse has been reported as violent to any other individual? Is your spouse of all time been arrested by constabulary for societal force or drink-driving? Does your spouse have job with choler direction?Measuring Preventive Strategies of HIV/AIDSWhich HIV/AIDS bar schemes do you cognize? Make you see utilizing HIV bar if you are non certain of the HIV position of your spouse? If your spouse is HIV positive, will you see utilizing rubber during intercourse? If yes, why? Make you utilize any signifier of HIV preventative step during your last three sexual intercourse? If yes, which one or province them. If condom explosion during sex, what is the immediate measure you should take? If employed, what are the schemes in topographic point of your work guaranting bar of HIV? What is your sentiment about male Circumcision and HIV bar? If HIV and pregnant, will you take ART to forestall HIV transmittal to the unborn babe? What option ( s ) are available for HIV positive spouses to forestall transmittal of HIV to unborn babe? Have you been treated for genital disease in the past three months? What is the nexus between genital disease and HIV?POPULATION SAMPLING AND RESULT ANALYSESWhat inform the entire sampling population is the immense figure the infirmary serves, 50,000. 1 % of that is tantamount of 500. Although this is a little figure in associating to the entire population measuring the infirmary, but associating to the chief research worker and the helper, it is tremendous. That is why the survey would hold been conducted throughout a twelvemonth period. The purpose of the age distribution chosen was to affect grownups entirely in the survey ; nevertheless, adolescent gestation is a rampart happening in South African communities. That is why pregnant adult females from age 12 are portion of the proposed survey. There are five constituents of the questionnaire and three groups of participants involved in the survey, the consequences will obtained individually for each group and interpreted utilizing Microsoft excel. The usage of Chi square trial will be employed the hypothesis – Hiv is higher among adult females than work forces.Expected RESULTS FROM THE STUDYThe survey is expected to conform to the present form of the virus epidemic in South Africa. â€Å" HIV/AIDS is more prevailing among female grownups under the age of 40 in about all age groups. Approximately 4 in every 5 people with HIV/AIDS aged 20-24 are adult females, and merely one tierce of people with HIV/AIDS aged 25-29 are work forces. Although prevalence is higher among adult females in general, merely 1 in every 6 HIV/AIDS infected people with multiple sex spouses are adult females † ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . Although some divergences are expected, could these be peculiar to the rural Pondoland community? South Afri ca adult females who have been disempowered revealed the high degree of colza and domestic maltreatment, a societal misnomer brewing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the state ( Avert, 2010 ) . The National HIV and Syphilis Antenatal Sero-prevalence Survey, 2005 and 2007, the per centum of pregnant adult females with HIV per twelvemonth was as follows ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) :Year:1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Percentage:0.7 1.7 2.2 4.0 7.6 10.4 14.2 17.0 22.8 22.4 24.5 24.8 26.5 27.9 29.5 30.2 29.1 28.0 These one-year studies of HIV among the pregnant adult females are higher than the national prevalence of 10.8 % , though the incidence is higher among adult females 13.3 % than in work forces 8.2 % ( HSCR, 2005 ) . The same result is besides envisaged as above. Possibly there are disparities, they will be noted and a farther study may be needed.EXPECTED CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY TO THE HOSPITALSouth Africa higher HIV/AIDS national statistic is higher than any other state, that is what has geared the exceeding authorities attempts in other to undertake the disease tendency. The robust attempts of the authorities are the largest HIV/AIDS strategy in the universe ( All Africa.com, 2010 ) . The tendency of the disease needed to be known exactly in Pondoland. The result of the survey could be presented to the regional wellness authorization for amendment of HIV/AIDS authorities intercession at the infirmary. Critical reappraisals of different diaries have shown that HIV/AIDS has unprecedented rise among adult females ( UNICEF, 2009 ) , the result of the survey is expected to be in conformance. However, if the consequences show greater proportions of adult females than expected, it could spell a readjustment in the infirmary planning scheme to turn to direction of HIV/AIDS among adult females. The local untypical causes of rise in HIV/AIDS will be known if there is any. The illation will be surmised from the response of adult females proving positive for HIV in the survey. Therefore local epidemiological form of HIV in Pondoland will be verified. The result of this survey could name for more survey in HIV/AIDS and other local endemic disease in the infirmary. A rural infirmary where academic research is seldom conducted, this will be an oculus opener. It will be a beginning of inspiration particularly for the freshly graduated medical physicians and druggists in the infirmary set abouting their rural community service.DecisionFor effectual intercession to come into drama in the direction of the increased HIV/AIDS disparities among adult females and work forces, the specific factors responsible have to be outlined and schemes to battle these could be sourced. In the aftermath of HIV/AIDS in the 80s, the epidemic was rather rampart among homosexual in the USA and equal intercessions were ensued as reflected in the state HIV/AIDS statistics. Africa needed to larn from this. The basic nutriment of any community is the valued lives of the household members. Womans who are the beginning of generational continuity are in hazard in our society. Didactic and pressing attack should be instituted in the rural and all African communities to halt the harness effects of HIV/AIDS. Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV transmittal, handiness of free rubbers in public establishments, adult females empowerment and wellness instruction should parts of focus authorities and NGO agendas to readdress HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa.

Change Management Assignment

Why did the managers at the two organizations have different ethical stances towards their customers? (Hint go to J&J’s website and look at its Code of Ethics)? The key reason of two organizations having different ethical stances towards their customers appears to be that J&J’s managers believed in their company’s ethical values, so that when confronted with an ethical dilemma as in 1982, they consistently followed the credo’s rules when making business decisions. Johnson & Johnson moved immediately to protect the public even though there was little chance that any other supplies of Tylenol were contaminated and the fact that their product was defective and dangerous. At DC in contrast, managers had been just â€Å"going through the motions. † When push came to shove, they protected their own interests and those of their companies in illegal ways. Dow Corning’s managers postponed action and, to safeguard the profits of their company, but they paid the price. Within months of its decision to pull Tylenol from store shelves, however, J&J regained its status as leader in the painkiller market and has since increased its market share because of its enhanced reputation for being a highly ethical company. The behavior of Dow Corning (DC) managers seemed out of character to many people. They had widely publicized and well-developed internal ethics rules that were supposed to reign in and prevent unethical behavior. When confronted with a crisis, their ethics systems did not prevent either company’s managers behaving unethically and illegally. Johnson and Johnson (J&J) also had a system of ethical rules in place. At its center is a credo describing its ethical stance toward customers, employees, and other groups. Outline a series of steps Dow Corning’s directors and managers should have taken to have prevented this problem? Dow Corning’s directors and managers should have taken series of following steps to have prevented this problem: * They should examine the nature of ethics and the source of ethical problems. * They should have had some strong internal ethical system in place to help guide them in making decisions. Had they had a system like J&J, this would have never happened. Dow Corning’s directors and managers should have immediately moved to protect the public / stakeholder interest * They should define rules or guidelines that companies can use to decide whether a specific business decision is ethical or unethical These rules include utilitarian, moral rights, justice, and practical rules, * They should examine the legal environment of business and describe the many kinds of laws, rules and regulations that must be followed, both at home and abroad, if a company is to do business in an honest and ethical way since ethics plays in shaping the practice of business and the life of a people, society, and nation.

Life Suceed In That It Seems To Fail Essay

Life has resilient nature, it never let hope to cut off even in the lurch. It arrives at specific conditioning through entertaining demands at variable intervals and in variable amounts and some times at discretion. This comes up with optimism. Optimism let one to crow over even in inauspicious conditions. In fact life do miracles in lurch conditions and turns the corner. It triumphs, when there is no hope of its victory. Traditional stories, which are being recounted by a man to a child, have the ultimate positive end. They implants in the flesh and blood that every bad and the worst have a well chosen end. And in actual the same comes about. A death bed patient, for an ordinary example, bears a charmed life. A stuck labor in a mine is rescued after a couple of days. These off and then are the very reason that the hope dies but with the last breath. If we dive deep in the history of world, we come up that every time when there was no way out but stars were in the ascendant. Subcontinent’s fate in 17th century was hanging in balance. All India National Congress decided it in complete darkness. Germany, when it was quite at sea, found the hope in the shape of Hitler. USA was quite at its wit’s end and was about to gave up all in vain after ten years war but it made a pile and turned the table by killing Osama. On contrary there are many cases where felicity is left awaited and never comes. A pathetic poor man facing adverse economic situations, for instance, annihilates itself because he/she remains unable to discover light in future. Over all, life is beautiful having optimistic nature and whenever it is being challenged it nails its color to the mast.