The Validity of Knowledge

Lia Thompson Mr. Faria HZT 4U1 Wednesday January 18, 2012 The Validity of Knowledge This paper pass on explain the validity of prat Lockes Theory of Knowledge. Epistemology has been the topic of news for m whatever philosophers over the centuries. The study of companionship is important beca utilization as homo, it is requirement to understand where the basis for our association originates. Locke, like many philosophers believed that each see it onledge almost the world is derived from sensory learnings.Empiricists such as Locke believe this posteriori ruling of friendship. He explains in his surmise that we be unlearned(p) with blank slates or Tabula Rasa, the marches employ in Lockes theory in his writing, An rise Concerning Human Understanding (Locke 163). Philosophical public debates ar as varied as the philosophers who construct them. For each theory, at that place is an opposing keep an eye on. Rationalists, such as Rene Descartes would conclude a upg radest Locke and his empiricist view of acquaintance, believing knowledge to be innate.Descartes believed that alone humans ar innately born(p)(p) with these truths without the aid of our senses as argued in his setoff, second and trio Meditations (Descartes 3). Lockes theory goes against non neverthe little Descartes views al unity Platos as rise. But Despite the arguments against Lockes empiricist view, he is most solid ground fitted. I defend with ass Lockes theory of sensory perception because we would non be adequate to survive without our senses. John Locke was born on August 29, 1632 in a village in Somerset, England (John Locke-Biography).He wrote several major works that capture do a big impact on todays view of the world, besides his major theory on knowledge was in his book, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, where he outlined his views as well as argued against rationalists view on innate knowledge. He wrote his book found on his belief that st raightforward knowledge is gained by dint of bewilder, a posteriori (Velasquez 330). Locke holds that the mind is a tabula rasa or blank sheet until work through in the form of sensation and debateion provide the elementary materials unbiased minds out of which most of our more complex knowledge is constructed (Uzgalis).Reflection and sensory experiences go strive in hand because in order for our senses to be used, we moldinessiness experience the world virtually us. Once we go for experienced, for example the odorous taste of an apple, from eating it, we ar able to reflect on what our senses were able to establish about it and gain truths about what we experienced. Reason is our intellect, our power to see and make judgments based on our sensory experience (Locke 59). Locke does check up on that we as humans call for reason but our senses atomic number 18 paired up with reason, as we are to reason what our senses are experiencing.Locke created the theory of Pri mary and secondary coil Qualities to explain his ideas about the differences between our perception of the world and what the world unfeignedly is. Based on scientific re seem, humans are aware that not ein truththing we perceive is the same as how other living creatures perceive it. Animals in comparison to humans whitethorn experience the same things as humans do, but the way they are perceived fecal matter be all told assorted. For example, it is scientifically proven that dogs sternnot see in colour, so to them everything is in foul and white.Dogs still use their sight, but are unable to see the same colour humans can. Primary Qualities are measurable qualities by size, weight, digit etc. and will stay the same regardless of our perception. Secondary Qualities are the hidden powers an object has that can produce in us a sensory experience such as the colour we see in the sky. (Velasquez 333) We can understand his theory on Primary and Secondary Qualities because scienti sts are able through research to study other living things and their perceptions of senses.Lockes theories are a clear explanation to the many things we experience as human universes. Descartes was born on March 31st, 1596 in Touraine. After finishing school in 1612, it left him feeling unsettled and dissatisfied. He entangle the need to travel, so he could discover new surroundings and he joined the army at the age of seventeen. He was in search of discovering more truth than he had give at school. Descartes lived in a time of great uncertainty as to what truth was, and what it wasnt.There were new scientific discoveries being made which were unheard of at that time, as well as the new protestant branch of Christianity that went against the old traditional religious beliefs. With everything around Descartes changing, he began to doubt all his prior knowledge (Velasquez 320). Descartes began to search for true knowledge, which was the beginning of Descartes beginning(a) meditat ion on Doubt. He questi bingled the idea that we may all be unaware of our state of mind are we dreaming, or are we awake?Descartes concluded that there are no ship canal to tell whether or not we are awake or dreaming. So where did this idea come from? He went on to say that there must be something of a higher power deceiving him, an evil genius of deceiving nature creating this illusion for all to get caught up in. Descartes reasoned that, if this were the case, we couldnt consecrate our senses at all because our senses are illusions. With this mindset, Descartes believed that the only basic truths are those that cannot be doubted. The undeniable truth he discovered was I moot, therefrom I am which he reasoned that even if he was being deceived about everything else, he could not be deceived that he was thinking he was deceived, therefore he exists (Velasquez 321). In order for Descartes to rule out sensory perceptions, he would need to rely on another(prenominal) basis for o ur knowledge. Based on his inner reflection, he believed that knowledge is not learned, ideas are present in the mind at birth. We pass on a priori knowledge we are born with knowledge and truths without the aid of sense perceptions(Velasquez 324).Descartes would argue against Lockes sensory perceptions theory because to Descartes, our senses are invalid. In Descartes second meditation, he uses an example of a meet of rise up to prove our senses wrong. Let us take, for example this piece of wax it has been taken quite freshly from the hive, and it has not yet lost its fragrance of the honey which it contains it still retains somewhat of the odor of the flowers from which it has been culled its colour, its figure, its size are apparent(a) it is hard, cold, easily handled, and if you strike it with a finger, it will emit a toilsome (Descartes 190-191).Here Descartes explains, in every respect all physical aspects of the wax that is experienced with our senses. But notice that w hile I speak and approach the firing what remained of the taste is exhaled, the smell evaporated, the colour alters, the figure is destroyed, the size increases, it becomes liquid, it heats, scarcely one can handle it, and when one strikes it, no sound is emittedWhat then did I know so distinctly of this piece of wax? It could certainly be nothing of all that the senses brought to my notice, since all hese things which fall under taste, smell, sight, touch, and hearing, are found to be changed, and yet the same wax remains it is mind solely which perceivesthis piece of wax (Descartes 190-191). Descartes explains that because the wax can transform, leaving us with different sense perceptions than in the initiatory place, it cannot be trusted as knowledge. Descartes was unable to grasp Lockes concepts of sensory experiences and therefore rejects everything but the knowledge we are innately born with.Although Descartes gives an adequate theory, his views do not stand up to Locke and other philosophers criticisms. To Locke, Descartes unharmed argument on innate knowledge and the ideas behind his meditations are weak, not only invalid because of their opposing views on how humans chance on knowledge, but invalid in regards to his reasoning behind his theories. There are many things to point out about Descartes, based on Lockes ideas. Locke understood the ideas of innate knowledge, but disagreed because he believes we are too a great deal a part of this world to doubt its existence.If innate knowledge were the only true way to puzzle knowledge, people would not be having arguments of what is serious and what is wrong. Descartes ideas of doubt are invalid because there are none to which all man give a universal assent (Uzgalis). Descartes explanation of existence of things states that because Descartes can think, and because thinking things exist, Descartes therefore exists. But this argument is invalid because this is the same as saying, I am walking, hence I am the walking. The author, William Benton in the book, Descartes/de Spinoza objected to Descartes second meditation on doubt by saying, this is an assumption on Descartes part to say that which one understands is the same exercise of causefor the entity of understanding it self, is one thing and the essence is another (Benton 135). This relates back to Descartes invalid argument because Descartes defense can be restated as a claim that he is thought.One may think, but can never be the entity or the essential natural process of thinking. All of Descartes meditations on knowledge surround the main idea of innate knowledge and thought, but whence comes our knowledge of this proposition, I think? we cannot think of leaping, apart from that which leaps, of knowing apart from a knower, of thinking without a thinker (Benton 135). Descartes has no explanations of how we are able to come to thoughts on actions.Actions can relate to the idea of innate knowledge because they both are t hought, but are unseen to the senses, at least until the thought or action is indeed physically done. But for example, willing fearing and denying always go hand in hand with something physical as the subject of those thoughts, you cannot have the knowledge of what scares you without experiencing it in some way (Hutchins 138). Locke also expresses his opinion not on emotions that derive from experiences but with the nature of this world. For I imagine any one will easily grant that it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colour innate in a creature to whom God hath given sight, and a power to receive them by the eyes from external objects and no less unreasonable would it be to attribute several truths to the impressions of nature, and innate characters (Uzgalis). If we know what the term colour means, that is some sort of knowledge, and so we are unable to pick out colour unless we use our senses. We cannot believe we know the term colour, without actually experiencing it .Just as the author in the book Descartes/Spinoza explains that one is unable to know what an actual angel looks like, but from our experiences through visual senses, we are able to construct ideas of what one might look like based on our visual surroundings. (Hutchins 136) Now this goes against Descartes ideas of thought and innate knowledge because, Notice that in order for Descartes to doubt his beliefs, he needs a language in which to express his doubt. But then, if Descartes were to doubt his beliefs about what words mean, then he could not formulate any doubts at all.He would be totally unable(predicate) to express his doubts. Thus the attempt to doubt anything would be necessarily self defeating (Albert). Descartes arguments on doubt are self-defeating because Descartes does not believe anything exists but his mind, ruling out all language and terms used and speculate in this world. The example of wax used by Descartes to validate his view that sensory knowledge is the only knowledge, can be looked at other than to validate sensory experiences.From an empiricists point of view, one would indeed gain knowledge by putting the wax near the fire because in doing so, one would understand what happens to wax when it is being scorched. By using the senses to experience the wax in a different form, one is able to reflect and learn from the experiment. Descartes theories have many flaws, therefore making his arguments invalid. Although there are many other rationalists that oppose the views of empiricism, Plato was another great philosopher who developed the very foundations of innate knowledge based on Socrates duologue with the striver male child.Socrates, being one of the significant founders of western philosophy, along with his student Plato was famous for high-and-mighty difficult thought-provoking inquiries to the fellow Athenian citizens. Although Socrates did not record any of his philosophical discussions or inquiries, his student Plato explains t o us the works of Socrates. Plato, like Descartes believed that there was only one way to have knowledge. He believed knowledge was not acquired through the use of our senses, but merely obtained before we were born.Plato went farther than Descartes by believing that our souls must have lived in another universe before being born in this one. This other universe would have been staring(a) where we would have been able to experience perfect objects and were able to experience all that was perfect in the prior universe. The reason we would have innate knowledge would be because when we were born into this continuous tense world, according to Plato, all the perfect concepts of the earlier world would still be within our souls. Most rationalist philosophers have rejected Platos claim that before we were born we existed in another perfect universe.But many rationalists have suffered Platos more basic insight we do not acquire the basic truths of math and scientific discipline by ob serving the world around us(Velasquez 326). Although his beliefs about how we achieve innate knowledge were not much accepted, he uses a dialogue between Socrates and Meno, the slave boys master to explain his beliefs on innate knowledge. In Meno, Plato tells us how Socrates once made a slave boy remember his knowledge of geometry by showing him some imperfect figures fathern on the ground.Socrates shows the slave boy a substantial that is divinatory to be two feet by two feet in size. Socrates asks the boy to draw a second square that is merely twice the size of the first squarethe boy initially realizes that his first tell is wrong. If you double the space of each side of the square, you will get a new square that is exactly four times as big as the first square. Yet the boy knows this without making exact measurements and even if the boy had careful the squares, they would probably not have turned out to be exactly the right sizes. So where did this boys knowledge come fro m? (Velasquez 324) In this summary of the dialogue, Plato argues that the boys knowledge of the Pythagorean theorem could not have come from observing the imperfect figures drawn on the ground. This proves that it must be knowledge that is already in our minds then, because Plato explains that the knowledge of numerical theorems are not obtained through sensory experiences. It is impossible to rely on our senses to give us knowledge of math because there is no physical experience to go hand in hand them. This belief is the total opposite of Lockes views because Plato denies any thing that relies on the senses.In Platos dialogue involving the slave boy, there is some questionable material that can relate back to Lockes beliefs of relying on our senses. Even though the slave boy was able to answer Socrates geometrical question, the dialogue stated that the boy hesitated and also made a mistake before arriving at the correct answer. At first the boy says that if you double the length o f each side of the first square, you will get a second square that is exactly twice the size of the first squarethe boy quickly realizes that his first answer is wrong. (Velasquez 324) His knowledge was based on observation not innate knowledge. The boy was able to use his visual perception to determine the measurements of the squares. As Locke would say, Reason is our intellect, our power to think and make judgments based on our sensory experience (Locke 59). It merely takes reason and reflection to first observe the dimensions of square and then come to a realization about how to double the square. Although he was answering a question, Socrates used an example of an imperfect square and then asked him to solve the question.The answer was discovered through trial and error. It was clearly not based on innate knowledge but visual senses. I agree with Lockes theory because it is the most reasonable approach to the idea of gaining knowledge. With out sensory perception feeding us, we have nothing to base our knowledge on. We have been born with blank slate, but are still equipped with reason as human beings. One can relate scientific discoveries to sensory perceptions because all scientific knowledge comes from observations.One cannot call something a scientific discovery if it does not have evidence to back up their hypotheses. The evidence used does not come from innate knowledge, but from observation, touching, hearing, smelling, tasting. If, according to Plato and Descartes, basic science and math were innately kn consume, then science would not improve. If science were innate, scientists would not have a job, and everyone wouldnt be arguing about their beliefs. Science is evermore discovering something new, constantly realizing that something once thought as true, turned out to be false.For example, Einsteins Theory of Relativity is based on mathematical structures and therefore is valid in the eyes of a rationalist. But if this knowledge were innate it wo uld automatically have to be true. Scientists just recently have discovered subatomic particles that defy the theory of relativity, as these particles move hurrying than the speed of light. If this is the case, it is impossible to say that innate knowledge is the only truth. The whole world would have to be in agreement and collectively accept things as they are, and the world is nothing like that.We can all agree to this because we have all gained knowledge through the use of our senses. Knowledge itself is something that we as humans are still discovering, questioning and experiencing in our own way. John Locke helps us to see that knowledge is something gained individually, in our own ways, in our own time. We all have something in common and that is our ability to use our senses in such ways that we have been able to create magnificent pieces of art, take to the woods the mysteries of the universe, invent new and convenient strategies for the human race and so on.All this made possible by the pursuit of knowledge. Works cited Books Hutchins, Robert Maynard// Rene Descartes// Baruch Spinoza. Great Books of the Western human Descartes Spinoza. Chicago Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952. Print. Locke, John. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Kenneth Winkler. Hackett Publishing Company, 1996. Velasquez, Manuel. Chapter 5 The informant of Knowledge. Philosophy. 10th ed. Belmont Thomas Wadsworth, 2008. 320-33. Print. Websites Albert. Criticisms to Descartes Cogito Alberts PHI101/103 Weblog. Alberts PHI101/103 Weblog. 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. . John Locke Philosopher Biography. The European Graduate School Media and Communication Graduate & Postgraduate Studies Program. 2010. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. . Uzgalis, William, John Locke, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2010 Edition), Edward N. Zalta(ed. ), URL = .