Music Essay -- essays research papers

The beauty of music is found in every soul were the words of my grand produce. She always managed to bring music into every aspect of her spirit whether it was ordinary housework or religious functions, she was ready to sing at any time. Her music was not the only part of her life she was also the mother of six children and the wife of a prominent farmer. Although her life was complicated and, at many times, unbearable, music was never forsaken it was one of her treasures. Through her and her treasure I realize what life and death really are. Her perseverance through her problems and her patience with her children and grandchildren has always amazed me. During elementary school, I remember a period of time when my nan stayed over our apartment. Although it was uncomfortable for a few weeks, I loved to hear her stories, especially the ones that were songs. It was fascinating because her songs would reflect her experiences, and goals in life for example, one of her stories was abou t small town women washing their clothes at the river in India. All through my childhood, I listened to her exciting stories, and, even confronted her with questions that made her laugh throughout the night. At that moment her laughter and smile were captured in my heart forever. As I grew older, my relationship with my grandmother became less of a priority. Instead I began to forget about my family and became more touch on with fr...

McLean vs Arkansas Essay -- Creationism Creation Science

Science is a word that carries with it many meanings - knowledge, truth, a process of examination. But when it comes to setting a clear definition of the term, difficulties arise. Certainly natural philosophy is science, and theology isnt. But many disciplines are less intuitively dichotomized, such as the fields of psychology, history, ethics, and many others. Are these sciences?And while it may at low gear seem like a rather irrelevant issue only for lexicographers and philosophers, in fact the distinction between what is science and what is not is of great wideness to society - for in the formation of the public school curriculum, the distinction between science, which must be taught, and religion, which must not be, is essential to keeping education both factual, up-to-date, and constitutional.The 1982 court case McLean vs. Arkansas put in the public spotlight just how important drawing the distinction is. In what has become a bourne case in the creation/evolution court-orde red debate, the Arkansas legislature passed without debate a bill mandating that the state redraw its science education standards so to allow in the states public high school curricula the body of ideas known as creationism - the notion that Earth and its inhabitant life forms were formed in the same forms as they are seen today - alongside evolution - the mainstream view of biologists holding that life developed and diversified gradually over millions of successive generations.The concept of creationism has a stiff religious history and very deep religious overtones, and the constitutionality of teaching the subject in a public school immediately was questioned. Called to preside over the resulting legal case was U.S. District Judge William Overton. Thu... ...of testability is unclear and the incorporation of unobserved elements is not unique to creationism, so this in and of itself is not a reason to exclude it from a curriculum - and as previously mentioned Darwin considered t he two models of creation and evolution on equal scientific grounds in his arguments. Instead, creationism fails on account of the evidence against it. So in the end, while Overtons attempt to determine essential characteristics of science does not stand up to philosophical scrutiny, his decision was correct creationism is not part of new-fangled science, and does not belong in the modern classroom.Works CitedGould, Stephen Jay. The Mismeasure of Man. W. W. Norton and Co. New York, 1996.Kleppner, Daniel and Robert Kolenkow. An Introduction to Mechanics. McGraw-Hill, Inc Boston, 1973.McLean v. Arkansas, US District Court. 1982.

Ethical Considerations in Customer Relationship Management Essay

Abstract receivable to issues such as managed care contracting, and the financial impact of indigent care, healthcare supplyrs find themselves in arguing for patients with adequate health insurance, or the ability to brook cash for go provided to try to maintain fiscal solvency. E-health applications serve not only to advertise the services of a facility, but also to help the health care provider identify potential patients for the services they offer. In this paper I will look for the ethical considerations of Consumer family Management (CRM) applications and services, which are more and more being utilized to help physical object potential consumers for health care providers.When inquiring about a health condition on the net income, do internet occasionrs give up their expectations for privacy regarding their healthcare schooling? Although consumers may not expect the cultivation they provide to get into the database of marketing firms, this is often exactly what happ ens. Consumer Relationship Management (CRM) software firms or service providers are a growing industry. The purpose of CRM software in the healthcare field, is to assist providers in identifying potential customers for a service based on information they have supplied. This information can be provided in a number of ways. In some cases, the consumer has knowingly supplied the information to the actual provider via an inquiry sent from the providers web put. In other cases the provider determines a marketing target based upon mining information in their admit database by linking relationships which may help identify a potential need. Yet in another scenario, acknowledgement of a potential consumer is based on information they provided at another website, which was ... ... an Innovative CRM Solution for Health Care Organizations. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from DM Review electronic network site http//www.dmreview.com/editorial/newsletter_article.cfm?nl=dmdirect&articleId=1066948 &issue=20423CPM-Solutions. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from CRM Health Portal Web site http//www.cpm.com/providers/solutions/emarketing.cfmPoulsen, Kevin (2007, May 14). Attorneys General demand that MySpace give up sex offenders. Wired, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//blog.wired.com/27bstroke6/2007/05/attorneys_gener.htmlRichards, Johnathan (2007, July 25). Sex offenders can use social sites say police. Times Online, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article2137973.eceWebMD silence Policy. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from WebMD.com Web site http//www.webmd.com/policies/about-privacy-policypart7c Ethical Considerations in Customer Relationship Management EssayAbstractDue to issues such as managed care contracting, and the financial impact of indigent care, healthcare providers find themselves in competition for patients with adequate health insurance, or the ability to pay cash for services provided to try t o maintain fiscal solvency. E-health applications serve not only to advertise the services of a facility, but also to help the health care provider identify potential patients for the services they offer. In this paper I will explore the ethical considerations of Consumer Relationship Management (CRM) applications and services, which are increasingly being utilized to help target potential consumers for health care providers.When inquiring about a health condition on the internet, do internet users give up their expectations for privacy regarding their healthcare information? Although consumers may not expect the information they provide to get into the database of marketing firms, this is often exactly what happens. Consumer Relationship Management (CRM) software firms or service providers are a growing industry. The purpose of CRM software in the healthcare field, is to assist providers in identifying potential customers for a service based on information they have supplied. T his information can be provided in a number of ways. In some cases, the consumer has knowingly supplied the information to the actual provider via an inquiry sent from the providers website. In other cases the provider determines a marketing target based upon mining information in their own database by linking relationships which may help identify a potential need. Yet in another scenario, identification of a potential consumer is based on information they provided at another website, which was ... ... an Innovative CRM Solution for Health Care Organizations. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from DM Review Web site http//www.dmreview.com/editorial/newsletter_article.cfm?nl=dmdirect&articleId=1066948&issue=20423CPM-Solutions. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from CRM Health Portal Web site http//www.cpm.com/providers/solutions/emarketing.cfmPoulsen, Kevin (2007, May 14). Attorneys General demand that MySpace give up sex offenders. Wired, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//blog.wired.com/27bstroke 6/2007/05/attorneys_gener.htmlRichards, Johnathan (2007, July 25). Sex offenders can use social sites say police. Times Online, Retrieved July 29, 2007, from http//technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article2137973.eceWebMD Privacy Policy. Retrieved July 29, 2007, from WebMD.com Web site http//www.webmd.com/policies/about-privacy-policypart7c

Transcending Place and Time in Mirror for Man :: Mirror for Man Essays

Transcending Place and Time in Mirror for Man In the given passage from Mirror for Man, Clyde Kluckhorn explains the similarities and differences between cultures by first defining the anthropological concept of culture and then explaining his definition. The definition Kluckhorn gives relies heavily on common sense. Culture is the total life way of a people, the social legacy individuals come from their group. Or culture can be regarded as that part of the environment that is the creation of human beings. By giving us this definition, Kluckhorn immediately deletes any line up of mininterpreting the word and concept of culture. Kluckhorn starts his explanation of this definition by simplifying the concept. He says that a persons acts cannot be explained merely in terms of biology, the life experiences of that person, and/or the immediate situation. or else the past experience of other people in the form of culture enters into almost every event. It is not we who determine our culture, but our ancestors who determined for us. Kluckhorn is facial expression that who we argon -- our culture -- is based on how the people who have the responsibility of raising us were raised by their role models, who were influenced by their role models, and so on. To illustrate his point, Kluckhorn gives examples of times when the culture someone was raised in plays a major role in determining how the person will react in a given situation -- often how they will react to an aspect of another culture. The examples all showed that ones own culture is where one feels safest. Kluckhorns illustrations of how people react negatively to other cultures seems to prove the axiom that mans biggest fear is of change. Despite the almost overwhelming influences of culture, there is still human nature to consider. Basically, all human being are the same. All are similar in biology and in that they must observe the physical laws of nature. Yet the differences between cultures stem from the once original, individual slipway of dealing with these problems. Man and his problems are universly the same, but it is his dealing with these problems that is different, and these dealings are determined by the predecessors of each culture. This is the very essence of how Kluckhorn explains the anthropological differences and similarities between cultures. As for my views, I agree with Professor Kluckhorn wholeheartedly although all of my experience has been in the American culture with various subcultures.

Global Warming is NOT a Concern :: Environment Climate Change

Global Warming, orbiculate concern? I think not. I personally believe that the theory of global warming caused by the infamous carbon dioxide is false. Please, let me explain. First of all, there are more potent, harmful, gases world emitted into the atmospheric state. Secondly, the temperature change in the 20th and 21st centuries is extremely slight. Lastly, the earth is currently recovering from a period known as the Little Ice Age. First of all, there are more potent gases being emitted into the atmosphere such as the well known greenhouse gas, methane. Methane is mostly associated with cows. Yes, I said it, cows. When cows fart, they release the greenhouse gas methane. Also, methane heats up the atmosphere more than carbon dioxide. So the point here is that global warming isnt mainly caused by humans.Secondly, the temperature change in the 20th and 21st centuries is very slight. In fact it has stayed within a 3 degree Celsius range. In fact, if the change were to happen in a room, many people in the room would not not ice rink. Right now, you probably arent persuaded, but, in my next paragraph, I will definitely persuade you. Definitely.Finally, the moment you have all been waiting for, the third paragraph This is where I will persuade you to believe my ideas. Well, here it goes. My final idea is that the globe is now recovering from a time know as the little ice age. This in turn will make the earth seem warmer. In science class, we conducted an experiment conducting this. We put one hand in warm wet and another in cold-blooded water. Then we put both hands in room temperature water. The hand that was in warm water felt cold and visa vera for the other.

Global Warming is NOT a Concern :: Environment Climate Change

Global Warming, global concern? I think not. I personally opine that the theory of global warming caused by the infamous carbon dioxide is false. Please, let me explain. First of all, there are more(prenominal) potent, harmful, plashes being emitted into the atmosphere. Secondly, the temperature change in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is extremely slight. Lastly, the earth is currently recovering from a period known as the Little Ice Age. First of all, there are more potent gases being emitted into the atmosphere such as the well known greenhouse gas, methane. Methane is mostly associated with cows. Yes, I said it, cows. When cows fart, they release the greenhouse gas methane. Also, methane heats up the atmosphere more than carbon dioxide. So the point here is that global warming isnt mainly caused by humans.Secondly, the temperature change in the 20th and 21st centuries is very slight. In fact it has stayed within a 3 degree Celsius range. In fact, if the change were t o happen in a room, many people in the room would not notice. Right now, you probably arent persuaded, but, in my next paragraph, I will definitely persuade you. Definitely.Finally, the moment you have all been waiting for, the terce paragraph This is where I will persuade you to believe my ideas. Well, here it goes. My final idea is that the globe is now recovering from a time know as the little ice age. This in turn will make the earth seem warmer. In science class, we conducted an experiment conducting this. We put one hand in warm irrigate and another in cold water. Then we put both hands in room temperature water. The hand that was in warm water felt cold and visa vera for the other.

Development and frameworks support development influence current practice Essay

Jean Piagets theory of cognitive development focusses on how pip-squeakren acquire knowledge and nab. He believed that when a kid and an bountiful argon given the same logical question children gave less sophisticated answers, non because they were less competent than the adults but because children ar born with an extremely simple mental structure which is the basis for the childs knowledge and tuition ability. He suggests that children go through four stages of capable growth 0-2yrs Sensorimotor, i.e. motor control and learning ab disclose objects, the child explores the environment around them using their senses 2-7yrs Preoperational, verbal skills development, the child understands the use of symbols and language 7-11yrs Concrete Operational, commencement to grasp abstract concepts, shows logical thinking 12yrs to adulthood Formal Operational, logical and systematic reasoning skills, is able to ready through abstract problems. One of the laughingstockonical compon ents of Piagets theory is Schemas.Each schema is a building block of intelligent behaviour and a modal value of a childs brilliance organising the knowledge they be in possession of gained. Children pass on develop new schemas as they learn and experience much to allow them to retain this knowledge, as well as modifying their vivacious schemas as new information about them emerges through additional knowledge. We can effectively plan the development of a child by taking his ideas of schemas into coiffure and using Piagets stages we can assess where and how a child is currently learning. From assessment it becomes possible to plan activities to help them to develop onto the next stage. PsychoanalyticalSigmund Freud (1856 1939) An Austrian neurologistFreud believed that each stage of a childs development directly related to specific requests and demands, each based on a particular body part and was rooted with a sexual base. Freud outlined these stages as oral, anal, phallic, l atency and genital. Each stage involves the satisfaction of a desire and can later play a role in the adult personality. Freud suggested that if a child does not successfully complete a stage, they could develop a repair that would later influence adult personality and behaviour.According to Freud the headway can be split into two halves, the conscious (mental processes we ar aware of) and the unconscious mind (mental processes we are unaware of), and has three separate aspects the Id (the conscious mind), Ego and Superego (unconscious mind) which all need to be balanced to have good mental health. The Id is about rudimentary needs and feelings, the pleasure principle. The Ego is the reality principle and the Superego is the moral part of the mind. Freuds theories about unconscious actions can still be witnessed, for example when a child is caught hurting another child.The aggressor may deny it and tell a lie, but may start to cry because he knows what he has through with(p) i s wrong, and that he has lied about it. Whilst Freuds psychosexual theories do not fit well with todays more scientific standards and are considered not to be very accurate, they have been influential because it was original thinking about human development, and many other theorists utilise his ideas as a starting point. He has also helped those working with children by understanding there is a link between our conscious and unconscious actions. HumanistAbraham Maslow (1908-1970) An American psychologistAbraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who is closely famous for his Hierarchy of Needs, which is relevant to all ages, not just for children. The five-stage hierarchy of needs is much visually displayed as a pyramid with the largest nigh important needs at the bottom and the more advanced needs at the top We are born with basic needs for survival, food, water, shelter and peace which is represented in the first layer. Without these nothing else is possible. Once these nee ds are met we can progress to the next level which consists of a need for feeling upright and secure. We seek safety from others and strive to be in an environment that keeps us safe and free from harm. The third level is our need for love, our desire for acceptance and our need to fit in. At this level we seek out love, friendships and intimacy.The fourth level is our need for esteem, achievement, education and respect. At this level we focus our circumspection on haughtiness and respect from others. We seek information and knowledge through education, strive to make advancements in our careers and work towards an overall higher self-worth. The fifth and final level in the hierarchy is our need for self-actualisation, the need to reach our fullestpotential with complete understanding of ourselves. According to Maslow very few people if any, master this level. Our basic needs (1st level) are essential for our survival. We need to feel safe (2nd level) before we can develop friend ships which will give us a sense of belonging (3rd level). Once we have developed friendships we seek the esteem of self and others (4th level).This demonstrates how each layer must be fulfilled before moving up to a higher level. Maslows theories are very relevant to child development and care. Based on his hierarchy of needs a child would find it very hard to learn if their basic needs are not being met, for example a hungry or thirsty child would find it difficult to focus their attention to learn as the most basic need must be met first. A simple solution of snack time in between lessons and having imbibing water available would help to overcome this problem. Addressing a childs most basic needs will help them to grow, learn and develop. Social learningAlbert Bandura born 1925, an American psychologistBandura states that behaviour is learned from the environment, i.e. behaviours of others, and then imitated. His famous experiment in 1961 the Bobo doll study involved a film be ing shown of an adult beating up a Bobo doll and shouting aggressive words. This was then shown to a group of children and after watching the film they were allowed to play in the fashion that held the Bobo doll. All the children began to beat up the doll and were physically and verbally aggressive towards it, even though nurturing toys were available to play with the doll. They were apparently imitating the actions of the adult they had seen in the film.This was seen as an important break away from the behaviourist theory that behaviour is directed by reinforcement or rewards. The children simply copied the adults behaviour. They received no encouragement or reward. Banduras theories have an influence on current practice today in the form of positive role modelling. Recognition that child carers have a responsibility to demonstrate positive role modelling, as children will often imitate their behaviour. If aggressive behaviour or frustration is exhibited by the adult it is likely to be imitated by the child. Learningis acquired by observation and imitation.Operant conditioningB.F. muleteer (1904-1990) An American psychologist.Skinners theory of operative conditioning can be described as a process that attempts to modify a behaviour through the use of positive and negative reinforcement. The child will make the association between a particular behaviour and a consequence. The fundamental idea behind this is that behaviours that are reinforced will function to continue while behaviours that are punished will eventually stop. Positive reinforcement is when a desired behaviour is rewarded positively for example, when a child completes a set task they would receive a positive response e.g. a sticker, positive praise or maybe free play.Negative reinforcement is more about focussing on the negative behaviours that are to be changed and instilling a sanction or removal of a positive event for example, a child that is continually exhibiting a negative behaviour, s uch as disobeying house rules will be told that if this behaviour continues they will lose their gaming machine or similar sanction. In summary if we reward good behaviour we expect that behaviour to continue and if we punish negative behaviour we hope that behaviour will cease. Importantly adults using this theory must make sure that they consistently carry out what they have intended otherwise the system becomes completely ineffective. Skinners theories are used widely in childcare today, we actively praise children for positive behaviours and for performing actions correctly additionally we use the time out method for negative behaviour. BehaviouristJohn B Watson (1878-1958) An American psychologist.Watson believed all learning was gradual and continuous. Development is a sequence of specific conditional behaviours with the chief(prenominal) emphasis on the environment not heredity. Observable behaviours were considered to be more important rather that internal events such as th inking because external/ patent behaviours could be witnessed and monitored. Watson believed that everyone is born as a blank canvas and with the same abilities as each other and that they can be taught and trained to become anything they craving to be. Individuals can be trained to behave in a certainway. He believed all behaviour is a result of the environment and a response.His work was heavily influenced by physiologist Ivan Pavlov who is famous for his theory based on dogs. Pavlov learned that dogs would begin to salivate in response to seeing a care sponsor in anticipation of food, rather than just in the response of receiving food. He named this response the Classical Conditioning Theory. It was Watsons and Pavlovs ideas which impacted on that of Skinners. We use Watsons theories today by rewarding good behaviour and punishing negative behaviour. Good behaviour in our classrooms today is often rewarded with stickers, privileges or other positive motivators. To discourage ne gative behaviours often a stepped warning system is used. A system of planned ignoring is beneficial and often used for dealing with attention seeking behaviour. Social pedagogySocial Pedagogy is a framework that influences current practice by creating a holistic way of working with children by seeking to bring together theories and concepts from education, psychology and sociology. It aims to treat the child as a whole, making sure all their needs are met especially those children with additional needs.

If It Ain’t White It Ain’t Right Essay

When evaluating the immortality of slavery, people oftentimes emphasize the abhorrent, physical abuse endured by Afro-Descendants, and diminish the pernicious, psychological effects they suffered. Chief among the psychological effects manifested from slavery are notions of self-hatred and abnegation. Tragically, minaciouss were forced, through centuries of conditioning, to believe, accept, and demand their slave masters mandate that blackness innately implied inferiority.In Juan Francisco Manzanos Autobiography of a Slave, Manzano explores these themes through his personal nonplus as a Cuban Creole mulatto slave. In an arduous fight for chuck up the spongedom, Manzano is embossed to believe that the completely focussing to liberation is through a rejection of his Black identity and an acceptance of his face cloth identity. The beliefs of self-hatred and denial raise intriguing questions. Is it assertable for Black people to achieve real liberation, i. e. substantive democra cy and citizenship, through the denial of their Black identity?What kind of liberation is achieved through the acceptance of the idea that come out of atomic number 53s identity is inherently inferior? This paper suggests that true psychological liberation, substantive democracy, and citizenship tail assemblynot be achieved through such a process, and that some(prenominal) trunk that requires such self-denial and self-hatred serves to reinforce or justify the racist system from which Blacks seek to escape. Identity development occurs during ones childhood. From an archaean age, children are told who they are and how they relate to others in the world.During the era of slavery, Afro-descendant children were taught that the only way to salvation, both immediately and in the future, was through a sacrifice of their African roots. perhaps the close vivid recent example of this occurred in the award-winning film The Help in which a Black maid tells a young lily-white child You a re smart. You are kind. You are important. During slavery, Black children were given no such messages. Part of the message Black children were taught was that their blackness was in some way responsible for their slavery.In discussing the common desire for Afro-descendants to escape their African heritage, Ivan A. Schulman writes in the introduction, To make the leap to the master culture was not an uncommon tendency in the nineteenth century Among people of color there existed the general wish to whiten ones descendants insofar as possible, and infinite themselves as much as possible from slavery (Manzano, 11). Through this desire, Blacks sacrificed their possess self worth in favor of their domineering White oppressors. As a young boy, Manzano too yearned to identify with the controlling white culture he inhabited. firearm discussing his relationship with Dona Joaquina, one of the many women who raised him, he writes, She would dress me, straighten out my hair, and take care that I did not mix with the other black children (Manzano, 55). Dona Joaquinas insistence to separate Manzano from his Black heritage is credited to the caste system present among slaves in Cuba. Under this system, pure Black slaves were in opposition to Mulattos. Since Mulattos by definition had at least some White blood, they conjectured that they were superior to their blooded Black counterparts, and therefore justified in trying to escape their Black identity.Consequently, the caste system served as the primary force that caused Manzano to run away from his plantation. As a result of having his family members and friends detached from his life, Manzano found it paramount to escape his present situation as a Mulatto slave amongst full-blood, Afro-descendant slaves, he writes, I saw myself at El Molino, without parents or even relatives, and, in a word, a mulatto among blacks (Manzano, 133). This passage highlights one result of the denial of Black identity, i. e. complete aliena tion from one part of the alliance from which one derives.Through this process, Blacks fundamentally lose their self worth. By refusing to accept and acknowledge their heritage, the significance of the Afro-descendant in society has deeply diminished. Juan Francisco Manzanos experience is one shared by several Afro-descendants in Latin and North America. Chica da Silva, reputedly the most famous and beautiful Black woman in Brazilian history, is one glaring comparison. Chica da Silvas was a slave, but her master was so attracted to her that he wanted to marry her and thus free her from slavery.They lived in a luxurious house and had several beautiful children. Among Brazilians, Da Silva was considered to be the pinnacle matriarch. However, the ascendency of Da Silva to fame came with a cost. While discussing Da Silvas eminence in Brazilian society, Henry Louis Gates writes, Chica da Silva was black, yet her rise to power within the community was part of a conscious whitening effort . She acted like she was a white woman (Gates, 34). In order for Chica da Silva to be accepted as a valorized figure in Brazilian society, she had to forego her blackness.Furthermore, Maceos story serves the same purpose. A Cuban Creole, Maceo is revered for his courageous efforts as commander of the Cuban army during Cubas fight for independence. Through his courageous efforts, Cuba was finally able to break away from centuries of subjugation by Spain and be an independent nation. The fact that a Black man led Cuba to independence is remarkable and noteworthy, especially given that this occurred in 1898, only twelve years after slavery was abolished in Cuba. hardly was Maceo actually Black?While discussing Maceos legacy among Cubans after his death, Gates writes, The researchers didnt try to diminish his legacy, but they sought to valorize the European part of his genetic heritage. They explained that although his bone structure was that of an African, the measurements of his sku ll affirmed that his brain was that of a white man. If Maceo was a superior man, then he couldnt be Black (Gates, 195). The notion of a Black man as a quintessential heroic figure in Cuban history is automatically discredited.Since Blacks were going to be the majority, this stripping of ones Blackness was paramount in order for Whites to maintain control. Moreover and most importantly, Maceos story set a precedent that if wealthy Whites had children who looked Black, they did not have to accept their status as Black Cubans. Thus prioritizing class over race. To this end, Blacks escaped their African roots not only psychologically, but physically as well. Within the social context of the Dominican Republic, the concept of beauty is analogous with Whiteness, particularly in the case of hair.While discussing the carrefour of hair and identity in the Dominican Republic, Cassandra Badillo writes, a white womans hair is described blonder. Whether it is curly or straight, black or brown, it is verbalise that she is blonder. About the others, it is said that they have bad hair and thats allbad hair has no color (Badillo, 36). The bad hair attributed to the others has several catastrophic consequences. Black women in the Dominican Republic habitually straighten their hair so that they can be White. As a result, they contract blisters and burns, permanently modify the condition of their scalp.Still, even though Blacks go through the physical anguish of straightening their hair, they do not fully whiten themselves. Badillo writes, straightening does not whiten a woman, straightening is rough self-denial (Badillo, 37). Through the process of hair straightening, Blacks dismiss their African identity. While discussing the problems of hair straightening, Badillo writes, the problem is not changing hair per se, but rather in the power relations it expresses and in the attitudes of domination it reflects (Badillo, 36).Hair straightening operates in a way that camouflages and normalizes subordination and privilege. In doing this, Black women lose their autonomy and subjectivity, limiting them to chunk or procedural forms of democracy and citizenship, thus suspending any chances of substantive salvation. The troublesome notions of self-denial and self-hatred too have plagued me. During high school, from my peers point of view, I was perceive as another Carlton Banks, the foil for Will Smiths fount in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Although on the surface Carlton seems like an admirable Black charactergets good grades, dresses sophisticatedly, and speaks well, further reflection leads one to believe the contrary. Despite the fact that he dresses well and speaks correctly, personality traits that are not in congruence with most depictions of African Americans, at the end of the day, he still seeks the approval of those he perceives in authority (whites), and also has no real sense of self-respect.Now, I can truly say that I have evolved out of this con dition. As an active member of the Black Students Alliance, I have recognized that my heritage is nothing to be ashamed of. I now realize that up until this point in my life, I have been lied to. These lies were framed in language that stated everything Black meant ugly, evil, and sinister, and everything White meant pure, high, and clean. This could not be any further from the truth. Now when people say, Say it loud I reply, Im Black and Im proud I have discerned the importance of not only accepting, but also celebrating ones Black identity. In order to address the perils of self-denial and self-hatred, there is no other way. In the words of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , If the Negro is to be free, he must move down into the inner resources of his own soul and sign with a pen and ink of self-assertive manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation.

An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s ‘Heart of Darkness’

Achebe, Chinua. An Image of Africa Racism in Conrads nerve center of Darkness Massachusetts Review. 18. 1977. Rpt. in He artistic creation of Darkness, An Authoritative Text, background and Sources Criticism. 1961. 3rd ed. Ed. Robert Kimbrough, London W. W Norton and Co. , 1988, pp. 251-261 In the pivot of 1974 I was walking one day from the English Department at the University of Massachusetts to a parking lot. It was a fair autumn morning much(prenominal) as encouraged friendliness to passing strangers. Brisk youngsters were hurrying in all mastermindions, cosmosy of them obviously freshmen in their first flush of enthusiasm.An grey-headeder man going the same way as I turned and remarked to me how very young they came these days. I agreed. Then he asked me if I was a student too. I said no, I was a teacher. What did I teach? Afri endure literature. Now that was funny, he said, because he knew a fel commencement who taught the same social function, or whitethornhap it was A fri tin terminate history, in a certain Community College non far from here. It al ways surprised him, he went on to say, because he never had theme of Africa as having that good-hearted of stuff, you know. By this time I was walking much faster. Oh well, I heard him say finally, laughingstock me I guess I yield to take your rails to find out. A few weeks later I received two very touching letters from high school children in Yonkers, New York, who bless their teacher had just read Things Fall Apart . One of them was particularly happy to learn about the customs and superstitions of an African tribe. I propose to perish from these rather trivial encounters rather heavy conclusions which at first sight force make up ones mindm somewhat out of proportion to them. But exactly, I hope, at first sight.The young fellow from Yonkers, perhaps partly on account of his age except I believe overly for much thicker and much stark reasons, is obviously unaware that the feel ing sentence of his own tribesmen in Yonkers, New York, is across-the-board of odd customs and superstitions and, same everybody else in his culture, imagines that he needs a mooring to Africa to encounter those things. The other person being fully my own age could non be excused on the grounds of his years. Ignorance might be a more likely reason but here again I believe that something more pull up stakesful than a mere lack of information was at work.For did non that erudite British historian and Regius Professor at Oxford, Hugh Trevor Roper, also pronounce that African history did non exist? If there is something in these utterances more than youthful inexperience, more than a lack of factual knowledge, what is it? Quite simply it is the desire one might indeed say the need in westward psychology to set Africa up as a foil to atomic number 63, as a coiffe of negations at once remote and vaguely familiar, in resemblance with which Europes own state of spiritual grace lead be manifest.This need is not new which should relieve us all of considerable responsibility and perhaps make us thus far ordaining to look at this phenomenon dispassionately. I have neither the wish nor the competence to embark on the exercise with the tools of the favorable and biological sciences but more simply in the elan of a novelist responding to one famous apply of European fiction Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness , which ruin than any other work that I know displays that Western desire and need which I have just referred to.Of course there are full-length libraries of agrees devoted to the same purpose but most of them are so obvious and so crude that few people worry about them instantly. Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good storyteller into the bargain. His contribution therefore falls automatically into a variant class permanent literature read and taught and constantly evaluated by serious acad emics. Heart of Darkness is indeed so secure today that a leading(a) Conrad scholar has numbered it among the half-dozen greatest short novels in the English quarrel. I provide return to this critical purview in due course because it whitethorn ill modify my earlier suppositions about who may or may not be guilty in some of the matters I will now raise. Heart of Darkness projects the image of Africa as the other world, the antithesis of Europe and therefore of cultivation, a place where mans vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant beastiality. The book opens on the River Thames, tranquil, resting, peacefully at the decline of day subsequently ages of good service done to the race that peopled its banks. But the actual story will take place on the River Congo, the very antithesis of the Thames. The River Congo is quite decidedly not a River Emeritus. It has rendered no service and make whoopies no old-age pension. We are told that Going up that r iver was like traveling back to the earliest beginnings of the world. Is Conrad saying then that these two rivers are very different, one good, the other bad? Yes, but that is not the realistic testify. It is not the differentness that worries Conrad but the lurking hint of kinship, of common ancestry. For the Thames too has been one of the dark places of the earth. It conquered its darkness, of course, and is now in daylight and at peace. But if it were to visit its primordial relative, the Congo, it would conduct the terrible risk of hearing grotesque echoes of its own forgotten darkness, and falling victim to an avenging recrudescence of the mindless frenzy of the first beginnings. These call downive echoes comprise Conrads famed induction of the African atmosphere in Heart of Darkness . In the final consideration his method amounts to no more than a steady, ponderous, fake-ritualistic repetition of two different sentences, one about silence and the other about frenzy.We c an inspect samples of this on pages 36 and 37 of the present edition a) it was the stillness of an implacable phalanx brooding over an inscrutable intention and b) The steamer toiled on slowly on the edge of a faint and incomprehensible frenzy. Of course there is a judicious change of adjective from time to time, so that instead of inscrutable, for example, you might have unspeakable, level(p) plain mysterious, etc. , etc. The eagle-eyed English critic F. R. Leavis drew attention long ago to Conrads adjectival insistence upon inexpressible and incomprehensible mystery. That insistence must not be dismissed lightly, as umpteen Conrad critics have tended to do, as a mere stylistic flaw for it raises serious capitulums of artistic good faith. When a writer while pretending to record scenes, incidents and their equal is in reality engaged in inducing hypnotic stupor in his readers through a bombardment of emotive words and other forms of roguery much more has to be at stake than stylistic felicity. Generally normal readers are well armed to detect and resist such under-hand activity.But Conrad chose his here and now well one which was guaranteed not to put him in conflict with the psychological predisposition of his readers or raise the need for him to contend with their resistance. He chose the role of purveyor of soothe myths. The most interesting and revealing passages in Heart of Darkness are, however, about people. I must crave the indulgence of my reader to quote almost a whole page from about the middle of the stop/when representatives of Europe in a steamer going down the Congo encounter the denizens of Africa. We were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.We could have fancied ourselves the first of men taking possession of an accursed inheritance, to be subdued at the cost of profound anguish and of excessive toil. But perfectly as we struggled round a bend there would be a glimpse of bash w alls, of peaked grass-roofs, a burst of yells, a whirl of black limbs, a mass of hands clapping, of feet stamping, of bodies swaying, of eyes rolling under the droop of heavy and electrostatic foliage. The steamer toiled along slowly on the edge of a black and incomprehensible frenzy. The prehistoric man was cursing us, praying to us, welcoming us who could tell?We were arch off from the comprehension of our surroundings we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be beforehand an enthusiastic outbreak in a madhouse. We could not understand because we were too far and could not remember, because we were traveling in the night of first ages, of those ages that are gone, leaving hardly a theatre and no memories. The earth seemed unearthly. We are accustomed to look upon the shackled form of a conquered monster, but there there you could look at a thing monstrous and free. It was unearthly and the men were . No they were not inhuman.Well, yo u know that was the blister of it this suspicion of their not being inhuman. It would come slowly to one. They howled and leaped and spun and made horrid faces, but what thrilled you, was just the approximation of their humanity like yours the thought of your remote kinship with this wild and passionate uproar. Ugly. Yes, it was ugly enough, but if you were man enough you would meet to yourself that there was in you just the faintest trace of a response to the terrible frankness of that noise, a dim suspicion of there being a essence in it which you you so remote from the night of first ages could comprehend.Herein lies the meaning of Heart of Darkness and the fascination it holds over the Western mind What thrilled you was just the thought of their humanity like yours . Ugly. Having shown us Africa in the mass, Conrad then zeros in, half a page later, on a specific example, giving us one of his exalted descriptions of an African who is not just limbs or rolling eyes And between whiles I had to look after the savage who was fireman. He was an improved specimen he could fire up a vertical boiler.He was there below me and, upon my word, to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat walking on his hind legs. A few months of training had done for that really fine chap. He squinted at the steam-gauge and at the water-gauge with an evident effort of intrepidity and he had filed his teeth too, the poor d unrighteous, and the wool of his pate shaved into queer patterns, and three cosmetic scars on each of his cheeks. He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank, instead of which he was hard at work, a thrall to strange witchcraft, full of improving knowledge.As everybody knows, Conrad is a romantic on the side. He might not exactly admire savages clapping their hands and stamping their feet but they have at to the lowest degree the merit of being in their place, unlike this dog in a parody of breeches. For Conrad things being in their place is of the utmost importance. Fine fellows cannibals in their place, he tells us pointedly. Tragedy begins when things leave their accustomed place, like Europe leaving its safe stronghold between the policeman and the baker to like a peek into the heart of darkness.Before the story likes us into the Congo basin proper we are given this nice scant(p) vignette as an example of things in their place Now and then a boat from the shore gave one a momentary contact with reality. It was paddled by black fellows. You could see from afar the washcloth of their eyeballs glistening. They shouted, render their bodies streamed with perspiration they had faces like grotesque masks these chaps but they had bone, muscle, a wild vitality, an intense energy of movement that was as natural and hue as the surf along their coast.They wanted no excuse for being there. They were a great comfort to look at. Towards the end of the story Conra d lavishes a whole page quite haply on an African woman who has obviously been some kind of mistress to Mr. Kurtz and now presides (if I may be permitted a little liberty) like a formidable mystery over the inexorable imminence of his departure She was savage and superb, wild-eyed and magnificent . She stood looking at us without a stir and like the wilderness itself, with an air of brooding over an inscrutable purpose.This Amazon is drawn in considerable detail, albeit of a predictable nature, for two reasons. First, she is in her place and so can win Conrads special brand of approval and second, she fulfills a structural requirement of the story a savage counterpart to the refined, European woman who will step forth to end the story She came forward all in black with a pale head, floating toward me in the dusk. She was in mourning . She took both my hands in hers and murmured, I had heard you were coming. She had a mature capacity for fidelity, for belief, for suffering.The diff erence in the attitude of the novelist to these two women is conveyed in too many direct and subfile ways to need elaboration. But perhaps the most significant difference is the one implied in the authors bestowal of human expression to the one and the with retentiveness of it from the other. It is intelligibly not part of Conrads purpose to confer language on the rudimentary souls of Africa. In place of speech they made a violent babble of unhandy sounds. They exchanged short grunting phrases even among themselves. But most of the time they were too busy with their frenzy.There are two occasions in the book, however, when Conrad departs somewhat from his practice and confers speech, even English speech, on the savages. The first occurs when cannibalism gets the better of them Catch im, he snapped with a bloodshot widening of his eyes and a flash of sharp teeth ensure im. Give im to us. To you, eh? I asked what would you do with them? Eat im he said curtly. . . . The other o ccasion was the famous announcementMistah Kurtz he dead. At first sight these instances might be mistaken for unexpected acts of generosity from Conrad.In reality they constitute some of his best assaults. In the case of the cannibals the incomprehensible grunts that had thus far served them for speech suddenly proved inadequate for Conrads purpose of letting the European glimpse the unspeakable craving in their hearts. Weighing the necessity for consistency in the portrayal of the reticent brutes against the sensational advantages of securing their conviction by clear, unambiguous evidence issuing out of their own mouth Conrad chose the latter. As for the announcement of Mr.Kurtzs death by the insolent black head in the doorway what better or more appropriate finis could be pen to the horror story of that wayward child of civilization who willfully had given his soul to the powers of darkness and taken a high seat amongst the devils of the land than the proclamation of his phys ical death by the forces he had fall in? It might be contended, of course, that the attitude to the African in Heart of Darkness is not Conrads but that of his fictional narrator, Marlow, and that far from endorsing it Conrad might indeed be holding it up to irony and criticism.Certainly Conrad appears to go to considerable pains to set up layers of insulation between himself and the moral universe of his history. He has, for example, a narrator behind a narrator. The primary narrator is Marlow but his account is given to us through the filter of a second, shadowy person. But if Conrads intention is to draw a cordon sanitaire between himself and the moral and psychological malaise of his narrator his care seems to me totally wasted because he neglects to hint however subtly or tentatively at an alternative frame of reference by which we may judge the actions and opinions of his characters.It would not have been beyond Conrads power to make that provision if he had thought it necess ary. Marlow seems to me to enjoy Conrads complete confidence a feeling reinforced by the close similarities between their two careers. Marlow comes through to us not only as a witness of truth, but one holding those advanced and humane views appropriate to the English liberal tradition which required all Englishmen of decency to be deeply take aback by atrocities in Bulgaria or the Congo of King Leopold of the Belgians or wherever.Thus Marlow is able to toss out such bleeding-heart sentiments as these They were dying slowly it was very clear. They were not enemies, they were not criminals, they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. Brought from all the recesses of the coast in all the legality of time contracts, lost in uncongenial surroundings, fed on unfamiliar food, they sickened, became inefficient, and were then allowed to crawl away and rest.The kind of liberalism espoused here by Marlow/Conrad touched all the best minds of the age in England, Europe and America. It took different forms in the minds of different people but almost always managed to sidestep the eventual(prenominal) question of equality between white people and black people. That extraordinary missionary, Albert Schweitzer, who sacrificed brilliant careers in music and theology in Europe for a life of service to Africans in much the same area as Conrad writes about, epitomizes the ambivalence. In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says The African is indeed my brother but my junior brother. And so he proceeded to build a hospital appropriate to the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene reminiscent of medical practice in the days before the germ theory of disease came into being. Naturally he became a sensation in Europe and America. Pilgrims flocked, and I believe still flock even after he has passed on, to witness the prodigious miracle in Lamberene, on the edge of the primeval forest. Conrads liberalism would not take him quite as far as Schweitzers, though. He would not use the word brother however qualified the farthest he would go was kinship.When Marlows African helmsman falls down with a spear in his heart he gives his white master one final disquieting look. And the intimate profundity of that look he gave me when he received his hurt frame to this day in my memory like a involve of distant kinship affirmed in a supreme moment. It is important to note that Conrad, circumspect as ever with his words, is concerned not so much about distant kinship as about someone laying a claim on it. The black man lays a claim on the white man which is well-nigh intolerable. It is the laying of this claim which frightens and at the same time fascinates Conrad, he thought of their humanity like yours . Ugly. The point of my observations should be quite clear by now, namely that Joseph Conrad was a thoroughgoing racist. That this simple truth is glossed over in criticisms of his work is due to the fact that white racism against Africa is such a normal way of thinking that its manifestations go completely unremarked. Students of Heart of Darkness will often tell you that Conrad is concerned not so much with Africa as with the deterioration of one European mind caused by solitude and sickness.They will point out to you that Conrad is, if anything, less charitable to the Europeans in the story than he is to the natives, that the point of the story is to ridicule Europes civilizing mission in Africa. A Conrad student informed me in Scotland that Africa is merely a setting for the disintegration of the mind of Mr. Kurtz. Which is partly the point. Africa as setting and backdrop which eliminates the African as human factor. Africa as a metaphysical battlefield devoid of all recognizable humanity, into which the wandering European enters at his peril.Can nobody see the preposterous and perverse arrogance in thus bring down Africa to the role of props for the break-up of one petty European mind? But that is not even the point. The real question is the dehumanization of Africa and Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and continues to foster in the world. And the question is whether a novel which celebrates this dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can be called a great work of art. My answer is No, it cannot. I do not doubt Conrads great talents.Even Heart of Darkness has its memorably good passages and moments The reaches opened before us and closed behind, as if the forest had stepped leisurely across cover water to bar the way for our return. Its exploration of the minds of the European characters is often penetrating and full of insight. But all that has been more than fully discussed in the last cardinal years. His obvious racism has, however, not been addressed. And it is high time it was Conrad was born in 1857, the very year in which the first Anglican missionaries were a rriving among my own people in Nigeria.It was certainly not his fault that he lived his life at a time when the reputation of the black man was at a particularly low level. But even after due allowances have been made for all the influences of contemporary prejudice on his sensibility there remains still in Conrads attitude a residue of antipathy to black people which his peculiar psychology alone can explain. His own account of his first encounter with a black man is very revealing A certain enormous buck nigger encountered in Haiti fixed my conception of blind, furious, unreasoning rage, as manifested in the human animal to the end of my days.Of the nigger I used to dream for years afterwards. Certainly Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Somemultiplication his fixation on blackness is equally interesting as when he gives us this brief description A black envision stood up, strode on long black legs, waving long black arms. . . . as though we might expect a black figure striding along on black legs to wave white arms But so unrelenting is Conrads obsession. As a matter of interest Conrad gives us in A ad hominem Record what amounts to a companion piece to the buck nigger of Haiti.At the age of sixteen Conrad encountered his first Englishman in Europe. He calls him my unforgettable Englishman and describes him in the following manner (his) calves exposed to the public gaze . . . dazzled the beholder by the splendor of their marble-like condition and their rich tone of young ivory. . . . The light of a headlong, exalted triumph with the world of men. . . illumined his face. . . and triumphant eyes. In passing he cast a contemplate of kindly curiosity and a friendly gleam of big, sound, shiny teeth. . . his white calves twinkled sturdily. Irrational love and irrational hate jostling together in the heart of that talented, tormented man. But whereas irrational love may at worst e ngender foolish acts of indiscretion, irrational hate can endanger the life of the community. Naturally Conrad is a dream for psychoanalytic critics. Perhaps the most detailed orbit of him in this direction is by Bernard C. Meyer, M. D. In his lengthy book Dr. Meyer follows every conceivable lead (and sometimes inconceivable ones) to explain Conrad. As an example he gives us long disquisitions on the significance of hair and hair-cutting in Conrad.And and not even one word is spared for his attitude to black people. Not even the discussion of Conrads antisemitism was enough to spark off in Dr. Meyers mind those other dark and explosive thoughts. Which only leads one to surmise that Western psychoanalysts must see the kind of racism displayed by Conrad absolutely normal despite the profoundly important work done by Frantz Fanon in the psychiatric hospitals of French Algeria. some(prenominal) Conrads problems were, you might say he is now safely dead. Quite true. Unfortunately his heart of darkness plagues us still.Which is why an offensive and deplorable book can be described by a serious scholar as among the half dozen greatest short novels in the English language. And why it is today the most commonly prescribed novel in twentieth-century literature courses in English Departments of American universities. There are two probable grounds on which what I have aid so far may be contested. The first is that it is no concern of fiction to please people about whom it is written. I will go along with that. But I am not talking about pleasing people.I am talking about a book which parades in the most vulgar fashion prejudices and insults from which a section of mankind has suffered untold agonies and atrocities in the past and continues to do so in many ways and many places today. I am talking about a story in which the very humanity of black people is called in question. Secondly, I may be challenged on the grounds of actuality. Conrad, after all, did sail down the Congo in 1890 when my own father was still a babe in arms. How could I stand up more than fifty years after his death and purport to contradict him?My answer is that as a sensible man I will not accept just any travelers tales solely on the grounds that I have not made the journey myself. I will not trust the evidence even off mans very eyes when I suspect them to be as jaundiced as Conrads. And we also pass to know that Conrad was, in the words of his biographer, Bernard C. Meyer, notoriously inaccurate in the rendering of his own history. But more important by far is the abundant witness about Conrads savages which we could gather if we were so inclined from other sources and which might lead us to think that these people must have had other occupations besides erging into the evil forest or materializing out of it simply to plague Marlow and his dispirited band. For as it happened, soon after Conrad had written his book an event of far greater consequence was taking place in the art world of Europe. This is how Frank Willett, a British art historian, describes it Gaugin had gone to Tahiti, the most extravagant individual act of bend to a non-European culture in the decades immediately before and after 1900, when European artists were avid for new artistic experiences, but it was only about 1904-5 that African art began to make its distinctive impact.One piece is still identifiable it is a mask that had been given to Maurice Vlaminck in 1905. He records that Derain was speechless and stunned when he saw it, bought it from Vlaminck and in turn showed it to Picasso and Matisse, who were also greatly affected by it. Ambroise Vollard then borrowed it and had it cast in bronze. . . The revolution of twentieth century art was under way The mask in question was made by other savages living just north of Conrads River Congo. They have a name too the Fang people, and are without a doubt among the worlds greatest get the hang of the sculptured form.The event Frank Willett is referring to marks the beginning of cubism and the infusion of new life into European art, which had run completely out of strength. The point of all this is to suggest that Conrads picture of the people of the Congo seems grossly inadequate even at the height of their subjection to the ravages of King Leopolds lnternational Association for the Civilization of Central Africa. Travelers with closed minds can tell us little except about themselves. But even those not blinkered, like Conrad with xenophobia, can be astonishing blind.Let me digress a little here. One of the greatest and most intrepid travelers of all time, Marco Polo, journeyed to the Far East from the Mediterranean in the thirteenth century and spent twenty years in the court of Kublai Khan in China. On his return to Venice he set down in his book entitled Description of the World his impressions of the peoples and places and customs he had seen. But there were at least two extraordinary carelessnesss in his account. He said nothing about the art of printing, unknown as yet in Europe but in full flower in China.He either did not notice it at all or if he did, failed to see what use Europe could possibly have for it. Whatever the reason, Europe had to wait another hundred years for Gutenberg. But even more spectacular was Marco Polos omission of any reference to the Great Wall of China nearly 4,000 miles long and already more than 1,000 years old at the time of his visit. Again, he may not have seen it but the Great Wall of China is the only structure built by man which is visible from the moon Indeed travelers can be blind. As I said earlier Conrad did not originate the image of Africa which we find in his book.It was and is the dominant image of Africa in the Western predilection and Conrad merely brought the peculiar gifts of his own mind to bear on it. For reasons which can certainly use close psychological inquiry the West seems to suffer deep anxieties about the precariousn ess of its civilization and to have a need for constant reassurance by comparison with Africa. If Europe, advancing in civilization, could cast a backward glance periodically at Africa trapped in primordial barbarity it could say with faith and feeling There go I but for the grace of God.Africa is to Europe as the picture is to Dorian Gray a carrier onto whom the master unloads his physical and moral deformities so that he may go forward, erect and immaculate. therefore Africa is something to be avoided just as the picture has to be hidden away to safeguard the mans jeopardous integrity. Keep away from Africa, or else Mr. Kurtz of Heart of Darkness should have heeded that precedent and the prowling horror in his heart would have kept its place, chained to its lair. But he foolishly exposed himself to the wild irresistible allure of the jungle and lo he darkness found him out. In my original conception of this essay I had thought to conclude it nicely on an appropriately positive n ote in which I would suggest from my privileged position in African and Western cultures some advantages the West might derive from Africa once it rid its mind of old prejudices and began to look at Africa not through a haze of distortions and cheap mystifications but quite simply as a continent of people not angels, but not rudimentary souls either just people, often highly gifted people and often strikingly successful in their enterprise with life and society.But as I thought more about the stereotype image, about its grip and pervasiveness, about the willful tenacity with which the West holds it to its heart when I thought of the Wests television and cinema and newspapers, about books read in its schools and out of school, of churches preaching to empty pews about the need to send help to the heathen in Africa, I realized that no easy optimism was possible. And there was, in any case, something totally wrong in offering bribes to the West in return for its good opinion of Afric a. Ultimately the abandonment of unwholesome thoughts must be its own and only reward.Although I have used the word willful a few times here to characterize the Wests view of Africa, it may well be that what is happening at this stage is more akin to reflex action than calculated malice. Which does not make the situation more but less hopeful. The Christian Science Monitor, a paper more enlightened than most, once carried an interesting article written by its Education Editor on the serious psychological and learning problems faced by little children who speak one language at home and then go to school where something else is spoken.It was a wide-ranging article taking in Spanish-speaking children in America, the children of migrant Italian workers in Germany, the quadrilingual phenomenon in Malaysia, and so on. And all this while the article speaks unequivocally about language. But then out of the blue sky comes this In London there is an enormous immigration of children who speak Indian or Nigerian dialects, or some other native language. I believe that the introduction of dialects which is technically erroneous in the mount is almost a reflex action caused by an instinctive desire of the writer to downgrade the discussion to the level of Africa and India.And this is quite comparable to Conrads withholding of language from his rudimentary souls. Language is too grand for these chaps lets give them dialects In all this business a lot of violence is inevitably done not only to the image of despised peoples but even to words, the very tools of possible redress. Look at the phrase native language in the Science Monitor excerpt. certainly the only native language possible in London is Cockney English. But our writer means something else something appropriate to the sounds Indians and Africans makeAlthough the work of redressing which needs to be done may appear too daunting, I believe it is not one day too soon to begin. Conrad saw and condemned the evil of im perial ontogeny but was strangely unaware of the racism on which it sharpened its iron tooth. But the victims of racist slander who for centuries have had to live with the inhumanity it makes them heir to have always known better than any casual visitor even when he comes loaded with the gifts of a Conrad.

Describe and illustrate what you consider to be the key features of Homers narrative technique

The importance of bell ringers narrative technique in appreciation of the Odyssey cannot be emphasised enough. The social function of similes, rhythm, constructionic composition, epithets, rhythm, folktale motifs and direct public lecture is to create composure in the poetry and give rise to a special form of koric narrative. The texture of the poem tout ensembleows a reader or audience a creative share in the artistic experience1 as the numerous literary devices create a colourful desperate narrative comprised of the objective, the subjective and the dramatic.The notion of an spontaneous impost runs closely alongside Homeric narrative in our appreciation of the Odyssey, and the ideas are closely entwined with one another. therefore to comprehend key traces of Homeric narrative, it is important to consider the role of the oral tradition in the formulation of this. To understand key features of Homeric narrative it is initiatory worth considering the critical role of the linguistic phonomena of our text of Homer2 and its profound effect on the poem.The elements of phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary which qualify the narrative is a saying of Aeolic, Ionic, artificial, and possibly Achaean text. Homer exercised obsolete raillery form, new word forms and even created artificial forms in order to utilize a language sufficient to the needs of hexameter versification. 3. Thus formula was clearly of primary importance in Homeric narrative to the extent that language had to cater for formula not formula to language, born frth from the strict adherence to the oral tradition.It clearly allows flexibility in compusure for the bard as the infinitive to be has following forms in Homeric narrative emen, emmen, emenai, emmenai, einai, each is particular to a period withal each gives different numbers of syllables at the poets disposal thus can adhere to rhythmic structure. Formula frames the Odyssey from the beginning, every iterate expression down to stoc k scenes and themes that are rcorrent in the same formulaic composition. Origin of the works of Rothe, of Scott and Shewan set out to demonstrate that formulae are found all over in Homer and that there must be a common stock from which every epic poet could draw.There does re chief(prenominal) question as to how untold to attrbute to the individual poet as Homeric tradition or just as bardic tradition in general thus does it constitute Homeric narrative. M. Meillet wrote that Homeric epic is entirely composed of formulae handed down from poet to poet. An examination of any passage will quickly reveal that it is make up of subscriber lines and fragments of lines which are reproduced word for word in one or several other passages4 Two fold purpose of formulaic composition allowed expression of ideas in a able manner, and of attenuating the difficulties of versification.Example of Traditional epithet as repetition (list no. of places) meant when context required it, and when the s ense allowed it, bard could make any combination of these expressions creating both a correct line and a complete sentence. Numerous examples of an expression regularly used under the same metrical conditions, to express an essential idea virtually a charafcter important when considering the authors intehntion of allowing the audience some hint of chracter. A proper noun with the help of some epithetic word creates a formula which exactly fills that portion of the line which extends from the feminine caesura to the end.This is called noun epithet formula as it is of a given metrical value and is made up of particular parts of speech. They indirectly attempt to mention certain characteristics or manners with each hero and distinguish him from others without stone character that is not individual to attendees opinion. Repetition through Stock scenes is in like manner precede not metrically identical yet structurally identical for example 1. 102 and 14.? Prime examples of Hospital ity stock scene. (GO INTO SPECIFICS).In relation to the oral tradition it allowed the bards to channel the long tale in a consistent way without needing to stretch amzing memory even further, it als highlights or makes more apparent characters who dont adhere to the rules of cordial reception characterizing them in a negative way as Homer intended. The solidity of narrative created by repetition of type scenes important adds a acertain kind of skeletal frame structure to the poem. Direct speech comprises 45 % of the Odyssey and is therefore an important feature of Homeric narrative.It conveys a violence of emotion that is both dramatic and allows the characters themselves to develop the spell or reveal their own personalities. Plato said of Homers use of dialogue that it has a unique life of its own5 . Two kinds of direct speech either public or private. Private speech (EG) sees characters talk amongst themselves and evoke spontaneous emotion that further characterizes. Similarl y public speeches sees leaders put forward opinions in council or square same role except it normally displays qualities of leadership or arrogance.Personality emerges from words endowed with life for example Odysseus and his man of many wiles persona. Notice the prize and diversity of the speech. The amount of direct speech serves to make silence even more poignant (Book 16 and Odysseus and Penelope 23. 85-96) In example notice gnomes in the last lines of direct speech which sees the wisdom of generations contained in brief landment and phrasing reveals high moral tone. Direct speech also plays an important role in assisting vizualisation of outward appearance, as Homeric narrative rarely describes specific visual characteristics.It generally attempts to build up a mental impression of the tribe as opposed to detailed visual picture as the beautiful is never described6 except for Thersites in Illiad when the poet delights in his uglification (II . 216)and that is the beauty of roots in oral tradition. Open ended characters and Odysseus is different to everyone whether you admire his wit and slyness or feel him distrustful. The Artistic detail revealed through speech as the poet endows his heroic characters with the experience which he himself possessesEMBEDDED FOCALIZATIONSimilarly often through direct speech main features are marked in advance by forecast or portent (1. 16)(4. 767)central actions like the death of the suitors is forecast more than once, each one emphasising more and more the tragic and sinister character of what is to come, it also increases tension of some main events and glues the long story together with consistency. Thirty nine Similes (metaphor extended and simplified) make the text vivid and the extended epic simile is a peculiar feature of Homeric epic.Favours a full legth simile extending to six or seven lines begins by describing scene or an action suggested by what happens in the narrative, then develops undersized picture illustrating emotion. Often begins normally describing scene suggested by main action but eventuall loses contact with that it was trying to illustrate (5. 51-3). Nothing extra illuminated by excess yet continuation adds fresh elements to storyThey can be used to suggest the external appearance and psychology of the hero (EG LION ODYSSEUS).They particularly lay in aspects of everyday life in to the the heroic world, roots of epic, making oral appreciation better as listeners ould have been able to relate to simile whilst also seeing the epic in context of heroism in comparison Familiar world of everyday life. These comparisonsnhave a roots in tradition yet clearly reflect Homers own passionate interest in the world and desire to use it as a counterweight to heroic tale heightens tension between the story and the simile (12. 51)(9. 383).Many similes appeal to the senses (Oral tradition) to make them more poignant and vivid, great poetry centered around human factor that characterize individuals and types or the essence of a relationship( )(16. 216-19). Lricism of Homeric simile astounding relating diverse seasons, storms, wildlife it also adds significance. Could be used to support a theme in the poem for example Nausikaaa compared to Artemis at 8. 521 and Odysseus to a mountain Lion at 6. 128.It was suggested by Shipp 1953 in a linguistic study that similes were froma later stage of epic tradition due to double similes and irrelevant elaboration that appears unnecessary, but these further accentuete points and add to poignancy. They make an action more vivid and and imaginable whereas a psychological state is hard to convey it is easier using simile. It throws a distinguishing light on that which coud become monotonous. It allows poet to say that which cannot be said in a direct statement.Notice how Homer avoids negative simile and accumulation of short similes round a single point suggesting use of similes is very deliberate and purposeful. Folk tale motifs first made apparent by Ludwig Radermacher in 1915 in Die Erzahlungen der Odysee. Evident that there are certain stories underlying the Homeric poems, although not possible to separate them all as individual texts. Simple genuine fairy tales shown by J. Tolstoi in Philologus 1934 ten motifs from Russian tales as components of a modern story all put across in the Odyssey.Story of the web unmistakable characteristic of folk tale based upon motif that day is at hand to re marry terminus draws near and crisis is about to arise. When Telemachos has a beard.. beginning of fairy tale Homer actually made this peculiarly his own. Orientalization Gilgamesh etc. Make mention. Departure to removed land and instructions left behind in particular coming of age myth. (Deer as Pagan myth). Bow scehem of story easily recognizable as a folktale motif the old weapon of the missing hero will prove who of the competitors is his equal, but that is nobody except himself.Points to revelation, culmination in suitors explosive realization of King and Queen there. Structure of Homeric narrative is complex, yet orderly. Ring composition is a form of repitition used to signal the end of a section by echoing its beginning. It is frequent in digressions, including similes and also in speeches. Ranges from simple examples 1. 252-69 where begins with If only he were to come now the man he was when I first saw him if only Odysseus, the man he was then, could meet these suitors .More complex examples include the beginning of the wanderings being signalled by a TWO twenty-four hours STORM and ending with a two day storm8 in between enclosing two sequences of five episodes each on either side of the underworld . Probably through oral tradition allows easilt memeorable as a pattern to stick to. Oral tadition Homer must omit much that a literate poet might think necessary and that he employs certain devices to make his narrative easy to follow. Homer has a basic consideration for hearers great put to work on narrative technique.The rhapsodes success is judged by the course of recitation thus primarily want to keep hold of readers attention . Homer wants to coax the listener into a state of relaxed receptivity thus developed directness, simplicity and fullness in its narrative and has a dramatic manner of incidents. This characterizes dialogue and whole structures of Odysseus and Illiad. The attainment as a story teller comes through Odyyseeys development mid book not the outcome of the story his eluding charm etc.Homer concern with hearer eveident in his tendency to repeat incidents, motifs and themes and in part for stock phrases, this all protects the rhapsode from slowing down and assists a listeners memory without effort of their part. Milmann stuff that inattention was the normal compliment paid by an audience to a recurrent epithet9 . Depite vagueness Homeric narrative provides the most elaborate and convert representations of individual psychology to be found i n classical literature

Moral Panic Definition Essay

Deborah Cameron is a linguist whose focus research is on what peoples attitudes are towards language. She writes a presbyopic definition on moral fear in Verbal Hygiene explaining how the media and general public exaggerate concerns beyond reason. Cameron reports that Jock Young describes moral panic as the publics reaction that is completely disproportionate to the actual problem. Cameron explains that the causes of moral panic are analyzed in a simplistic manner, exactly the concern to the problem escalates to intolerable levels. She uses the term folk devil as an example of how they are identified in gang related violence and is a scape goat to the exaggerated issues reported by the media. Cameron also states from what scholars have suggested that moral panicis a product of modern mass media, if there is media oversight the event will turn into an issue. However, if the media does not give attention, then the event will go unnoticed.In American Werewolf in Kabul Sean Brayton, a Ph.D student researching the specifics of critical race theory and media studies, analyzes the concept of moral panic as being an important cause of the potential threat of national security to the United States of America. He illustrates the three main elements of moral panic folk devils, ambiguous terms, and moral entrepreneurs using the reality of John Walker Lindhs go through multiple identities. Comparing Camerons definition of moral panic to Braytons discussion of moral panic, which originated from Cohens developed description of the context in 1972, there is agreement that media overemphasize concerns beyond practicality. Both Cameron and Brayton use the term folk devils to represent a subgroup of individuals that is a leading cause of moral panic, in so far with different purposes. Cameron suggests that the term folk devil is usually branded to social minorities that bear the burden enmity and blame by the socially ideal majority, whereas Brayton expands Cohens understa nding of the term as a threat to the moral constitution of society on the whole.Although their research areas are not of a similar context, they some(prenominal) relate their writing to a cultural history in an era of media induced politics. As the previous paragraphs mentioned, the term moral panic is applied in both Cameron and Braytons writing, which Cameron realizes the crucial influence to expanded reports, while Brayton blames that those reports magnify the guilty to the individuals who commit. According to Brayton, three essential elements can be found in the concept moral panic folk devils, moral entrepreneur, and ambiguous terms. Those elements are perfectly applied to a real life example during WWII, most of the poverty-stricken Japanese-Americans (devil folks) were forced to move into the internment camp by the U.S.A. Government (moral entrepreneur) after American military base in Pearl Harbour was destroyed by Japanese army. The U.S.A. Government treated the Japanese-A mericans unfairly, as national enemies, traitors, or spies for their homeland (defined terms).Cameron is a linguist and uses moral panic theory to explain why disconfirming attitudes arose toward youth literacy in 1980 1990s England. Brayton looks at moral panic theory from the perspective of cultural politics and how moral panic was used post 9/11 to preserve American ideals and create separation from conflicting cultural values. In both cases, Cameron and Brayton use moral panic theory to understand a cultures reaction to some social problem exaggerated by the media. Moral panic theory provides researchers with a method of analyzing a accompaniment resulting from a moral panic. Moral panic is, as Cameron describes, a problem discussed in an obsessive, moralistic and alarmist manner. The theory may also be a useful model for researchers dealing with the study of human behavior or culture, such as cultural history, social theory, criminology, and anthropology. In particular, it could be useful in studying the effects of media on culture.

Business Communication Essay

1)Discuss the scope of business conference? a12 a11State the principles of business communication? a12Draw communication sue? Discuss the importance of business communication ? s12 What are the principles of business communication? plow any three of them ? s12 a11 Mention the ways of improving the effectiveness of communication ? a11 Discuss the characteristics of effective communication ? s11 Discuss the process of effective communication ? s11Mention the 7es of business communication ? s112)discuss the types of communication ?a12 rationalize down communication with advantages and disadvantages ?a12 Discuss the different situations for considering the written communication as an effective tools? a12 What are the merits of downward communication ? s12define horizontal communication? briefly discuss the forms of horizontal communication?s12 s11 distinguish between oral communication and written communication ? s12 mention the different means of non-verbal communication with exampl es ? a11 briefly discuss the forms of up(a) communication ? a11discuss the merits and demerits of written communication ? a11 State the demerits of oral communication ? s11Discuss the merits of downward and upward communication ? s11 3)What are the barriers to communication ? a12Write a memorandum asking the employees to use the canteen only during the fixed hour ? a12 Suppose you are a music director of ABC company , write a notice informing the employees about the change in office timings during the Ramadan ?a12 Draft a memorandum to the office staff emphasizing the need of observing promptness and adhering to lunch hour ? s12 As a secretary of business club , DBA at permanent campus write a notice to arrange a periodical Executive Committee meeting ?s12 Briefly discuss the parts of a Business Letter with example and its specimen ? a11 s11 Suppose you are a manager of AB Bank Ltd. , CDA avenue. One of your officer , Mr. Abul Kalam has got a promotion as a senior officer, write a earn to congratulate him. A11Define on the loose(p) communication. discuss the four predictable pattern of informal communication network ? s11 What are the difference between the formal and informal communication ? s11 Briefly explain the different forms of non verbal communication ? s114)Why business letter is different from personal letters ? briefly discuss the guidelines for writing a social letters? A11 As a sales manager of Otobi Furniture Pvt. Ltd, write a letter of regret to one of your corporate clients by explaining the reasons of delay delivery of their tell products . a12 Suppose one of your colleagues has been awarded as the best employee of your organization, draft a letter of congratulation to him . a12 As a sales manager of BSRM steel , write a letter of thanks to the purchase manager of Sanmar Properties Ltd for their large order ?s12 As a manager of Dhaka Bank Ltd Agrabad Branch , write a letter of appreciation to Mr Zakir Hossian One of your sales executiv e for his outstanding performance to fulfill the target of bring tk 35 lac as a deposit. S12 Suppose you are a Sales Manager of Credit Card Division of EBL.. one of your sales executives has shown good sales performance by fulfilling his monthly target. Now write a letter of appreciation to recognize his well performance . s11 Short notes a11Process of business communicationFormal group vs. informal groupGrapevineBarriers of effective communicationSketch the types of business communication

Ama, Learning

In this essay, the teaching cure theory depart be discussed, and as well applying to L+H fashion limited (L+H) which will benefit by using the learning slue. In the last section, the limitation of learning cut back will too be discussed. Part A (i) Introduction for learning ignore theory Learning curve is a concept that measuring the experience of a skill gained by an organization, and how fast it can be master. As the experience gained, the doers doing will be improve, beat taken will be decrease, and therefore the outputivity will grow up.Also, according to Steven (2010), learning curve is a significant technique for management to predict the time needed for the in store(predicate) labour (p. 1). It can as well be useful for the several areas, for instance, making a pricing or budgeting decision, estimate the wages cost and planning schedule of work. In addition, learning curve is based on the task doing by human being and must be in repetition. And Steven (2010) po int out that the learning curve doesnt attend to trim cost, it only occurs when the management take action. Introduction for the organizationIn the following section, the learning curve theory will be apply to L+H stylus contain (L+H), they are manufacturing of knitwear which is 100% hand made and also made in Hong Kong, from design, carrefour development, knitting, linking, stitching, labeling to packaging. (ii) Introduction First of all, the learning curve can be utilise in L+H since there are many procedures is doing by human and those procedures will un wobbled because of L+H is only produce the knitwear, also those procedure are in repetition. Such as stitching, the workers have to stitch up those parts of the knitwear by hand.In this situation, the learning curve can be apply, because if the worker stitching the first knitwear, it will spend much time to find out the way. Move to the second one, the worker will much confidence and hurried to stitch it, in repetition t he task, the worker can be more efficiency. Furthermore, since they would like to be a high up fashion brand in Hong Kong, and providing high quality knitwear to the other high fashion brand, so they are now studying should they accept the cutting contract, build up their own brand or both.The learning curve can be use to helping them to consider the budgeting, pricing, detecting the design bugs, future mental process decisions and determine the human resourse. Budgeting In this case, if the learning affects taken into L+H, it is easily for them to evaluate the rate of learning and the time reduction. It can provide a reliable standard to measuring the actual performance of the product line. Therefore, the management can obtain the most near information, giving them a forecast of revenues and expenditures. Thus, they can evaluate their performance, and control the make off from error, setting the budgeted goal.Beside the goals set by the learning effect is more motivation for t he workers. Such as intersection budgeting, they can estimate the production unit to meet the budgeted goal. Since they would like to provide the knitwear to the sunrise(prenominal) contract, they can forecast the cost, human resources and material need for the new contract. They should use learning curve, because the simple analysis will ignored the learning effect, so that the performance may underestimate. It can also help to set a standard for guiding the workers, use to ake sure the quality of knitwear, control the cost and to establish the premium plan. So that the management can confirm the knitwear having a high quality to fulfill their goal that being a high fashion brand. They can also estimate the product cost, since the cost is foremost element for pricing decision To conclude, it can help L + H for budgeting, since it can give them a accuracy forecasting, to let them set up a budgeted goal to motivate the workers, to measure their performance more exact, and the ma nagement can use to set out a guide to standard the task. PricingIt can help in pricing strategic. Since the learning curve can be determine the cost, manpower for the task and predict time of the whole project. For instance, the procedures of knitwear are made by the workers, so that the labor costs become significant factor. They can foresee how much for the labor cost forrader they accept the contract. Also the material cost. In addition, when the production increase and the cost will be drop down, they can sell the knitwear at a cut back worth, and attracting the new customers choosing L+H and to gain the market share at the high fashion cycle.So that they can produce more knitwear and the cost will be further decrease. To summaries of the pricing, it is helpful for them to making price decision, use to having a lower price which is attracting the new customers. Decision making future operational Thirdly, it can help management to making decision for future operation by usi ng the data provide by learning effect. L+H can consider should they provide the knitwear to the other brand or build up their own brand. Because the resources are limited, they can find out the most profitable future operation decision.In additional, they can also consider should they provide training course to the worker, to establish the procedure become more efficient. Furthermore, they can plan to make advertising or giving discount to the customer, because they become more efficient and the cost will be deduced, so that they can have more budgets. And this action can make them become more famous and attract the new customers. In concluding of this part, it is useful for them to find out the business orientation which is most benefit for them, and the future action should be making. Detected the designed bugsMoreover, they can find out the designed bugs and correct it immediate. Since the L + H will do the task repetition, so that there are more product produce with the same e quipment. The designer can seek out the insufficient of the design of knitwear. It is help to devolve their product and make it more perfect. Moreover, it can help to reduce the waste of error and also to reduce the labor hours since they can find out which part is use resources and to redesign the knitwear. Thus, they can know how to use the lower cost to make the better knitwear.To sum up, since the designed bugs can be detected, they can prevent the waste of material, time and the labor hours. Also it can used to improve their product. Determining human resourses For determining the human resourses, as L+H become more efficient, the management can reassign the manpower, eliminate the unnecessary task or recruit additional worker. So that they can ensure the contract can be finish on time and the quality wont be affect even they have to produce more knitwear. At the same time, the human resourses can be use in the best way.It can also help to plan the schedule of work to hit the production target, and forecast of the reckon of delivery. A round up of this part, the human resourse can be reallocate, and it is useful for cost saving. Part B Limitations Firstly, there is an assumption of learning curve that the production must be continues less of significant impediment. In case of the impediment occur the learning curve will be change. For example, when the entity employed a new worker to participate the activity, because of the learning curve performed by the experienced staff, the new worker will not be subject to learning curve.Secondly, any change of the learning environment such as design, the supply level and quality of materials, employees morale and people attribution, will affect the learning curve. For instance, the upgrade of facilities may affect the knowledge of the worker, their productivity may drop down, so the learning curve may obsolete. Also, since learning curve is based on the time of producing, as yet it is hardly to ensure the real da ta obtain for the calculation, so that the management expectation may be wrong.The company culture may also invite the learning curve, such as the bonus for workers, working hours per day. For example, the worker zeal of the task will decrease when the job nearly end, it will make the curve drop down. In additional, difference people having difference absorptive capacity, so that the time of finishing task will be difference. Lack of consistence is belong to meeting target which is decision by learning curve theory. Last but not least, the learning curve need the task is in repetition, if the task is not repetitive the learning curve cannot be applied. ConclusionTo conclude of the whole essay, the learning curve is a tool for management making decision and to become more efficiency to reach the goal. Also, the learning curve can be use in many ways. In part A (ii), discussed in the employment of learning curve in L+H, they can use it for budgeting helping them to set out the com pany goal and guidance, pricing to having a lower price to increase their price competitiveness, decision making to decide the most profitable general direction, detect the design error to make the design become more perfect and determine the human resourse to use the manpower most efficient.So that they can seek out the best way to continues their business. In the next part, the limitations of learning curve are discussed. There are six limitations have been probe, the learning curve is lack of continuity, there shouldnt have any change of learning environment, the trouble of obtaining the information, the company culture, human learning ability and the repetition of task. Reference List 1. Steven, Grahame, (1999) The learning curve from aircraft to spacecraft? Management Accounting, May 1999 2. http//secure. gslb. cimaglobal. com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/ma_may_99_p64-65. pdf assessed 01. 11. 2012 3. Steven, Grahame, (2010) The learning curve The line to future management ? Research executive summary series, 6(12) 4. Steven, Grahame, (2004b) Steep in history CIMA Insider, Jul/Aug. , pp. 23-24 5. Steven, Grahame, (2004a) A minor departure CIMA Insider, Sep. , pp. 24 6. L+H Fashion Limited http//www. lplush. com/LplusH. html assessed 01. 11. 2012

Effective Training Essay

The management sector of for each one transcription is important in their respective operation. In each group, a leader must exist to lead, surpass and delegate important tasks and responsibilities with each member to achieve the efficiency in the use of their resources and the success of the operation. Similarly, in the profession transcription, the leaders of the institution are important in their operation as they manifest to overhaul the business towards the achievement of their economic goals and common interest.In terms of the operation, they are the ones that delegate the intricate tasks and responsibilities to each of the member for their benefits and success. Most importantly, the leaders are the ones that must evaluate and decide regarding important matters and issues in the business physical composition to ensure the positive result and continuous economic operation.Because the leaders of each business organization are important for the group, the institution must h ighly recognize the effective selection of the individuals placed in their top decision maker position. To acquire the most effective line up for the top administrator position, the organization must implement certain approaches to achieve this result and ensure the quality of their management leader sector. integrity of the possible solution in ensuring this status is the development of succession plan for the ranks in top executive positions. Naturally, individuals presently occupying top executive positions are not permanent and so are their role effectiveness. As such, the organization must expect this scenario and develop a positive projection to ensure the present executive effectiveness through planning for the succession and replacement for each executive.As such, the organization can presently plan for their development and maintain the positive results they are benefiting for their present lineup. Some of the possible strategies in this horizon are succession projectio n, training for qualified individuals, apprenticeship programs and others to ensure that the positive qualities and characters of the present executives lineup will be maintained for the business continuous success and development.