Pretax accounting income Essay

On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million. On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31, 2013, the carrying value of the building was $28 million and its tax basis was $13 million. There were no other temporary differences and no permanent differences. Pretax accounting income for 2013 was $45 million.On January 1, 2010, Ameen Company purchased a building for $36 million. Ameen uses straight-line depreciation for financial statement reporting and MACRS for income tax reporting. At December 31, 2012, the carrying value of the building was $30 million and its tax basis was $20 million. At December 31,

The Management Efficiency Unit

I have been working in the Public Registry for the last 8 years.   The location of the offices is quite distant from my residence and sixteen other colleagues that work in the aforesaid department have the same problem.   Every morning we are required to travel a one hour ferry and nearly 2 hours drive to arrive at work.The Management Efficiency Unit noted this issue and finally top management decide to take remedial action by requesting a transfer to another department, the Treasury Section, which mitigates such location problem.Unfortunately the scheme designed by executive management was not properly planned.   They also did not discuss this issue with operational managers who possess far greater knowledge on the day to day running of the office.   As a result the decision lacked practical issues and led to other problems, as will be further illustrated below.Everybody accepted the transfer and we were eventually informed that our training for the new job will take approxi mately two or three months and will take place in the head office of the Finance Department, which is also distant.   The new job was highly technical and involved a lot of accountancy issues, which the majority of us were not capable to comprehend that easily.The three months passed and we were still unable to work unsupervised from our tutors.   The impracticality of the decision was highlighted from the fact that our principal in charge, who was also taking training was still incapable to work on his own after three months.When these issues started to crop up, crises management arose.   A new assistant director was assigned to this division, who once realized of the vast serious problems arising from such decision, he immediately denied this new role.Demotivation arose in our section and staff is constantly complaining about the problems we are facing.   In addition no communication exists between us and executive management and we are alone with this new work, which we a re not trained to do.The only reasonable solution that management was able to come up with is to extend the duration of the training to eight months.   However with this decision they have not yet solve the problem that the location of the office is far from home and are incurring additional costs to train us.If they planned carefully before deciding and discussed it with operational managers they would have definitely solved the problem more efficiently.   It is imperative that when managing change proper communication and planning exist.Reference:Johnson G.; Scholes K.; Whittington R. (2005). Exploring Corporate Strategy. Seventh Edition. England: Pearson Education Limited.   

E-Business (For Information Technology class) Essay

E-Business (For Information Technology class) - Essay Example The bank's mission is to provide value added services to its customers in an efficient, timely, robust and reliable manner. It strives to become the bank of choice for its customers around the country. In order to achieve its mission objectives the bank needs to implement information technology bases systems to upgrade its current manual system which is tardy, slow, non-responsive and unreliable. This report is developed with a view to establish a framework for strategic IT direction for the bank. In addition, the rationale, extent, and timelines for implementing the information systems and technology within the bank have been identified and discussed. The purpose of the report is to establish a strategic plan for IT for the bank, to apprise higher management with the benefits and the value addition that IT provides to the business, the contemporary approaches to implementing IT based systems in financial industry and to provide recommendations customized to ABC Bank's operations. The report begins with an introduction of E-Business, describing the key areas and applications that this term covers; it then provides an insight into the latest IT trends in businesses; specifically banks around the globe. It is then followed up with the current issues and strategies that the businesses are adopting and dealing with in order to provide state of the art services to stakeholders. Suitable e-business systems are identified for the bank and recommendations are provided for IT managers to develop, acquire and implement e-business solutions. A tentative timeline for each strategic proposed solution is also provided. 3. BACKGROUND E-Business or Electronic Business, a termed introduced by Lou Gerstner (CEO of IBM), is defined as a business process that relies on automated information systems to function (Wikipedia.org, 2007). E-business is not just e-commerce, a technique for establishing and maintaining relationships with customers and suppliers online and over the internet; rather an e-business system spans over the entire value chain of the organization. It integrates the internal and external processes of the business. E-business applications can be generally divided into three categories namely (Wikipedia.org, 2007): Internal business systems (customer relationship management, enterprise resource planning, document management system, and human resource management); Enterprise communication and collaboration (VoIP - Voice Over IP, content management system, email, voice mail, web conferencing); and Electronic commerce (online marketing, internet shop, open catalog, supply chain management) The use of e-business techniques and applications allow the organizations, an ability to track resources, log expenses and revenues for proper

Diffusion and network effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diffusion and network effects - Essay Example It starts with Innovators, who are the educated, risk oriented, information seeking people and who like to try new experiences. These roughly comprise of 5% of the population (Davidoff and Kleiner, 1991; Dewett, Whittier and Williams,, 2007). Next, are the early adopters, who are educated young and popular people and may be opinion leaders in their groups (David, 1985). Next are the early majority who are cautious and wait out to see how new products are reviewed by the early adopters. The early majority consist of a large number of people and these are also instrumental in propelling the late majority (who are older, conservative and low on social activity) into adopting the technology. The Laggards are the remaining people who missed out on adoption and may adopt the product toward the maturity of the product (Farrell and Saloner, 1985). Figure 1: Diffusion of Innovation Curve (Source: Rogers, 2003) In the case of Facebook, the adoption process started with ‘‘Innovators ’, but these e Innovators were the people who already had adopted older social networking versions like MySpace and Orkut. With the creation of Facebook, these ‘Innovators’ simply converted to Facebook and encouraged the early adopters to choose Facebook when they were ready to embrace the online social-networking concept (Fernandes, 2011). However, the diffusion of Facebook during the initial phases was also constrained by the diffusion of the Internet. Innovators and early adopters were therefore largely confined to the USA, Western Europe, Australia, and parts of India and China. As the Internet penetration increased with the development of broadband technology and liberalisation in other parts of the world, it spread to Middle East and then to the Latin America, Africa and Eastern Europe and Russia (Fowler, 2012). So, while regions like the Middle East, Brazil, South Africa and Russia were now in the ‘Innovators’ and ‘Early Adopters’ phases, at the same time, the USA had and Western Europe had moved on to ‘Late Majority’ and the ‘Laggards’ phase as shown in the following figure. Figure 2: Stage of Adoption (Facebook) Source: CheckFacebook.com, 2010 3. Five Factors that Determine Success or Failure of Adoption Adoption, which is an individual process that depends on several attributes of the innovation like the relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability. Figure 3: Factors Determining Success of Adoption (Facebook) Relative Advantage Relative advantage, as the phrase suggests, is the perceived value added or additional advantage that a person thinks he can derive from adopting the new product (Haggman, 2009). In the context of Facebook, it offered the relative advantage over sites like MySpace and Orkut because of its higher level of security, the ability to limit who views the profile and ease in uploading and managing photographs. The user interface o f Facebook is also much more user friendly. Also, the spam prevention mechanism on Facebook is much stronger when compared to other social networking sites such as Orkut. So, users perceive it to be a more secure and private option than the existing ones. Compatibility Compatibility is the level of ‘

Supreme Court case that focuses on Criminal Law Research Paper

Supreme Court case that focuses on Criminal Law - Research Paper Example On October 31, 2001, the District Court reversed its’ decision and granted him the writ of habeas corpus, after determining that his reasoning for requesting it was that his sentence of death was unconstitutional. Martin Horn, Commissioner of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections argued that the â€Å"Supreme Court precedent did not require an outcome contrary to that reached by the state courts (536 U. S. ____ (2002). However, several other appellate and circuit courts found discrepancies in the way in which the case was handled and that it violated several Constitutional Amendments. One of the major points raised in attempts to repeal the death sentence was a case involving Teague v. Lane. The reason for stating Teague was to declare its purpose regarding the state’s ruling on criminal convictions depending upon the constitutional standards at the time of the actual proceedings. Amendments were made to the Teague ruling stating that these protectionist goals should be applied retroactively. The Supreme Court determined that "federal courts must address the Teague question when it is properly argued by the government." The Court then proposed the matter of Caspari v. Bohlen, that Teagues "nonretroactivity principle prevents a federal court from granting habeas corpus relief to a state prisoner based on a" new rule, and thus that "if the State ... argue[s] that the defendant seeks the benefit of a new rule of constitutional law, the court must apply Teague before considering the merits of the claim." The Supreme Court then decided that it was necessary for them to reconsider Banks’ sentence according to the Teague case and that the case of Mills v. Maryland was more important (Justia US Law 2003). The final determination however was that it was unnecessary to rule retroactively regardless of the circumstances that might have made it an arguable point. The Supreme Court ruled that

Internet Marketing a Practical Approach Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 54

Internet Marketing a Practical Approach - Essay Example Quality fraud and scams are a common occurrence when products are purchased online. This is not only the supplier’s fault but is also the fault of the buyer because of the lack of enough product specification details. Small business owners in most cases seek the products with the lowest price in order to gain profit once they sell them. In their bid to find the lowest price, they compromise the quality of these products and do not bother with providing all the necessary details that would facilitate quality. On the other hand, the suppliers take advantage of the fact that the business is online and the slacking nature of the buyer and hence suppliers materials of low quality. Quality issues matter because there are laws against low quality or illegal products being imported in different nations and especially in the US and Europe. Business owners found with quality compromised products are bound to be jailed or heavily fined. If a small business owner id heavily fined, the small business is likely to go into receivership. To avoid all these complications, small business owners should be mindful of the quality of the supplier and the products before purchasing and shipping them. Enough research about the online supplier as well as making all the necessary specifications of the products should be counterchecked before a final order is sent. As mentioned above, the quality fraud problem for small businesses may the fault of the supplier or importer. The consensus, in this case, is for each of the parties to carry out their part according to the instructions provided. The importer to clearly and exhaustively specify the products and the supplier to ensure they deliver the products as specified and adhere to the quality standards. This will ensure a mutually beneficial relationship for not only the present transaction but future ones as well.  

Social Media Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Media Plan - Essay Example This essay stresses that various market factors have shaped the summer occupancy numbers. Initially, what drove the summer business was the international bus tours, this formed bout 62 percent of the summer offseason business. The increasing value of the Canadian dollar, forest fires in 2003, global recession and changes in the bus tour operator policy of 2007, seriously eroded the international market of the resort. Since the summer of 2008, the tour bus business dropped sharply. Consequently, the summer room rates shot down to the same levels as they were in the 1990’s.  This paper discusses that as much as it is not necessary to compare Sun Peaks to other mountain resorts since their economies are more diverse, it is worth noting that Sun Peaks are competing for the same regional consumer market. With such competition, new efficient ways have to be designed to come up with a marketing strategy that will deliver, and, for this reason, the social media offers that platform. Sun Peaks faces stiff competition from other regional resort municipalities such as Whistler not only for the regional consumer market but also for the international consumer market.  The target market is both regional and international in nature, thus when it comes to the consideration of demographics, and then it is the entire world that is considered especially those who fancy Canada as tourist destination resort.

Allocation of Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Allocation of Resources - Essay Example The work breakdown structure of the company’s server upgrade will be as follows: Having looked at the WBS for the company’s project, it is important to explain the various work packets data that will emanate from the already formulated WBS. Work packets will determine the scope of the projects in terms of the costs involved as well as the time in hours that will be employed for the success of the project. The total work packets will be embodied in the six key areas of the intended system upgrade. They will include project launch, installation and troubleshooting and finally evaluation for changes before the final roll out to the other departments. First, the project launch will include the initiation of the project, education on the need for change in the organization and mobilization of the relevant personnel for project roll out. This will take an average of 10% of the project costs and an equal amount of time relative to the allocated project duration. Secondly, the verified programs and physical hardware will be installed into the system to gradually phase out the older system. Since the purchase and installation of the newer version of windows and other networking essential into the main server will take a lot of resources in terms of finances and time, the bulk of the project’s allocation (60%) will be assigned to this packet. This stage will also involve troubleshooting any problems associated with usage or compatibility of the newly installed system. Evaluation will involve the collection and analysis of data on usage, system capabilities and efficiency for the organization. The data collected will be utilized for the purposes of analysis that will culminate to the project’s adoption and full integration in the company’s operational systems. All the issues relating to customer usage, system requirement’s satisfaction and sustainability will be corrected at this stage to ensure a steady and running system. Since this is also an important

Businses Finance Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Businses Finance - Speech or Presentation Example As we know that, risk-free rate implies that a rate of return than we can obtain without taking any risk but in reality there is no such investment that is absolutely risk free. Even the safest investments carry some amount of risk. Since, treasury bills are the most reliable and safest investments therefore in the practical world the interest rate on US Treasury bills are often used as risk-free rate (krf). Similarly, common proxies for computing market risk (km) are S&P 500 and the New York Stock Exchange Index (Besley and Brigham 2000). Finally, betas are estimated with the help linear regression models on the basis of returns for the index (S&P 500) in the corporate domain. Although the CAPM has gained real appreciation all over the world but since it is built on certain assumptions therefore those assumptions might not hold true all the times which reduce the reliability of CAPM. For instance, it assumes that returns are normally distributed but we know that there can be prodigious leaps in the market even as big as 5 to 7 standard deviations away from the mean. Similarly it also assumes that there is no inflation but we are quite aware of the fact about the real world as we don’t know how much the prices rise after a day. Hence, these flaws make the CAPM model inconsistent with the real

Magnetization on Voltage Using Metals and Semiconductors Lab Report

Magnetization on Voltage Using Metals and Semiconductors - Lab Report Example Analysis and DiscussionThe findings ontained from the measurements of the results of the experiment reveals a number of aspects and properties of Hall effect. For example, the results suggest that hall voltage linearly varies as a function of the magnetic field of the current carrier material. On the other hand, it was also observed that the Hall effect is the generation of voltage in the conductor, induced by the presence of magnetic field (Baumgartner, 2006,p.165) .Variation of Voltage with DistanceThe plot shown in Figure No 5 indicates variation of voltage with varying distance on the tester rig. The original value of voltage is 0.24 (without any magnetic effect). It can be observed that the voltage are effected significantly when the magnet is sufficiently close. For a distance of 20mm, the voltage value is 0.1 V which means that voltage dropped to only 20% of the original value. However, as the distance was increased, the voltage quickly regained its original value and tends to stabilize at 0.24 v when the slider is moved away. Statistical Properties of dataIn order to examine the statistical properties of the data, the mean and standard deviation of the two set of data is calculated and is shown in Table No 2. From the data, it can be observed that the two sets are fairly close to each other and there is not big difference. For most the data, the two values are exactly the same. Therefore, the experimental setup provides very precise data.

American history Essay Example for Free

American history Essay Sternberg ultimately suggests that Intelligence can be improved, and there are a number of findings to support his theory. There have been 2 very controversial pieces of research and publications however which not only disagree with the main principals of Sternbergs theory, but have also provoked uproar since they have been released. The first publication which was to cause huge heated debate all over the world was that published by Jenson (1969), who said that those of Black origin scored on average 15 points below that of White people. He suggested that this was mainly due to the genetic makeup of Black people and that although environment may have been a factor; the main reason is the hereditability of intelligence. The next piece of literature which caused so much commotion when it was released was the Bell Curve by Herrnstein an Murray (1994), which agrees with Jensons research, and also points out that those of low intellectual ability will generally lead difficult lives, are more likely to be inadequate parents themselves, and are also more likely to turn to drink, drugs and crime. Although these comments are highly controversial and politically incorrect, some of the points made are more than likely to be true, and can go some way to explaining why people find themselves in that position, however it would only be accurate if two factors did not play huge parts in the intelligence levels of individuals, the culture that individuals are exposed to, and the fact that intelligence is not fixed, and that there are plenty of studies that give evidence to back this up. The test that Jenson gave to the Black and White subjects in 1969 was no doubt culturally biased towards the white subjects, due to the levels of prosperity and education that each group were subjected to previously. Further studies have shown that Black children who were adopted by prosperous white families, and were subjected to the same level of schooling demonstrated improved levels of intelligence over children who had a similar genetic background. Adoption studies like these have often proven to be strong evidence for the nurture side of the debate; however one final area of concern in the nature/nurture debate is the topic of eugenics. Eugenics is the idea created by Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911), who was interested in the success of English dog breeders, who bred the strongest and best dogs together, and created many different varieties. He decided to start a movement which looked at the possibility of weeding out the bad individuals from the good stock by getting humans to breed with those who have good properties and attributes, a fairly sick proposition even for the 19th century, and it was soon shut down because people decided to breed for love rather than genes. But nonetheless the term eugenics was created, and perhaps the most relevant example of eugenics in history is the Immigration Restrictions Act (1924) which was passed in America by President Coolidge, who was said to have proclaimed America must be kept American as he signed the bill. On that day eugenicists are known to have won one of the greatest scientific racist battles in American history. Bibliography Cardwell, C. M. (2000). Psychology for A-level. London: Harper Collins. Dworetzky, J. (1994). Psychology. Minneapolis: West Publishing Company. Gross, R. (2005). Psychology, The science of mind and behaviour. London: Hodder Arnold. Hill, G. (2001). AS Level Psychology through Diagrams. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Handouts T. Kearns

Critically discuss the function of structure within the therapeutic relationship Essay Example for Free

Critically discuss the function of structure within the therapeutic relationship Essay Extensive literature shows no significant differences in therapeutic outcomes between therapeutic approaches, but yet, these approaches differ to varying degrees in regards to values, techniques and emphasis on structure. This then poses an equivalence paradox with clearly non-equivalent techniques. The explanation for this commonality in therapeutic outcome between therapeutic approaches is the client-therapist relationship also known as the therapeutic alliance. The therapeutic alliance is a more encompassing term for the underlying interpersonal interactions and the collaborative nature of the partnership between a therapist and a client. Meta analytic research studies show that the therapeutic relationship counts for . 21 in effect size, while in combinations with technical focus, the effect size is . 76. While not equally as effective as technique alone with an effect size of . 55, it is significant in its contributions to therapeutic outcome and has been worth the focus on how it develops over time and the subsequent development of a generic structure to establish and maintain across all theoretical approaches. This essay will aim to explore this partnership and the necessary steps or requirements on the part of the therapist in order to establish it and the ways client preferences and goals are incorporated into treatment, in other words, structure required for the establishment and maintenance of the relationship as there is research evidence to support the establishment of this alliance early for stronger therapeutic outcome. Generally, work with clients usually have a preparatory phase: a first phone call perhaps, and introduction on both parts to the tasks and goals ahead. A beginning phase that involves the face-to-face meet up, initial greeting an outline of the therapist’s agenda, contracting, negotiating and setting and summary of goals. A middle phase: the therapist is concerned with facilitating learning and change congruent with therapeutic goals and assumptions about change. The ending phase also involves process goals in order to seek resolution of client issues, consolidate learning and change and evaluate therapeutic outcome. There’s evidence to show that therapeutic alliance needs to be formed within the first three sessions for a good therapeutic outcome. Regardless of the therapeutic approach, there is evidence that certain generic skills are important and required for the establishment of a structure within therapeutic alliance. These generic skills include basic communication skills, but also more complex skills which the therapist needs. They can be learnt and practiced as techniques but the therapeutic use of them with the client depends not only on the communication skill but on the attitude and intention of the therapist, an inside energy of sorts, that comes from commitment to understand the person from their frame of reference and the therapists internal supervision, awareness and self-review. The following macro and micro skills ensure the therapist emphases the importance of inner work alongside their practice. 1) Making Psychological contact This is an intangible personal process that changes from moment to moment, a psychological exchange of energy between human beings. It is dependent on the skills, experience, attitudes and emotions that each brings to the situation and it presents itself on a spectrum. It ranges from clients who make no contact at all to those who invade the therapist’s personal space and on the other side, the therapist’s ability to make contact could be influenced by how they perceive new clients and other factors such as culture, class, race, gender, age and sexual orientation. The therapist’s experience of initial interpersonal contact can be developed by self-reflection. Impartial witnessing: The observation of inner processes without judgement. Awareness of how others experience the therapist’s psychological contact e. g. Is it warm or cool, intrusive or distant etc? And finally, skills of greeting appropriately and starting the interaction with particular adjustments made after attention is paid to and sensitivity of culture, age, gender etc. 2) Effecting Intake and Assessment In an interview or a formal assessment, specific skills are needed. They include: Asking for information: It is imperative that the client is made to understand the purpose of the questions and what will happen with the records. Purpose stating: What the therapist wants to happen and must happen. This helps to set the scene of openness to clients so that they know the therapist’s intentions or purpose and also to experience the therapist as congruent. Preference stating: What the therapist would like to happen  with an element of choice for the client. Knowing when to say â€Å"no† to a client and knowing how to communicate this congruently, respectfully and empathically. 3) Introducing tape recording This is something therapist’s approach with trepidation and technical skill and appropriate equipment is required to execute. The therapist requires confidence and conviction to obtain permission from the client and it needs to be part of the initial contract. 4) Contracting and clarifying therapy Negotiating a contract with a client requires particularly the multiple skills of active listening, paraphrasing, reflecting feelings, summarizing, asking questions, purpose and preference stating, a balance between assertion and flexibility. 5) Beginning to build a relationship The ability to communicate empathic understanding of the client, to show unconditional respect, and to be perceived as congruent, requires inner and outer, receptive and responding skills. The client needs to hear that the therapist understands him from his point of view, accepting and not judging him, and is openly present for him and genuine in the role. This openness conveyed by the therapist may vary with the orientation: Skills required to communicate this are: 1) Attention giving: The non-verbal show of accessibility, receptivity and presence which are all influenced by an inner attitude dependent on the awareness and sensitivity of the therapist. 2) Observing: Knowing what non-verbal and verbal cues to look out for. For example; posture, facial expression, tone and volume of voice, responsiveness etc. These clues are sought to begin to understand the client’s internal frame of reference. Also, the therapist needs to scan their own body for clues and observe how the client makes them feel. 3) Listening and Hearing. The former is merely the inner sensory activity that involves picking up sounds while the latter is the same inner sensory activity aligned with attention giving. When clients feel really listened to, they are encouraged to talk and reveal themselves. Accurate listening can help clients to increase self-awareness and reduce defensiveness and direct focus towards their own behaviour. It provides psychological space and support for client’s self-exploration. The use of a combination of the above skills to focus the therapist and client at appropriate points in the interaction. It can be used as a check for understanding, pulling together thoughts, bridge to help client move on, return to something significant and to structure the interaction if the therapist or the client is getting lost. 5) Responding or facilitating skills: Also known as active listening skills. These demonstrate and communicate empathy and acceptance and facilitate exploration. They are sometimes referred to as first level empathy, distinguishing them from deeper empathy. The latter is used when there is deeper understanding of the client’s inner world. Using advanced empathy too soon, exposes a risk of inaccuracy and poses too much of a challenge for the client. First level empathy consists of paraphrasing and reflecting feelings. Paraphrasing is picking up the meaning of the client’s words and having and extensive vocabulary to put it back to him reflecting accurately the feeling and meaning in a tentative way to check understanding. It is not parroting and using jargon or over technical terms. Done well, it enables clients to hear and understand themselves afresh. Reflecting feelings is identifying what the client is feeling often mainly from non-verbals like tone of voice, bodily expression and therapist’s own bodily resonance. Therapist’s need to be sensitive to different cultural subtleties as inaccurate reflections may neutralize the intensity of the client’s feelings. All these skills are the beginning blocks for building a relationship and for helping clients explore what they want from a therapist and therapy. In the main they are supportive skills. Skills which continue to build the relationship and develop the interaction will be considered next. These skills are challenging, both for the client and therapist. Development and maintenance of the therapeutic relationship: Moving the client forward As mentioned above, the skills discussed so far can be considered as supportive – helping clients feel safe enough to begin to explore themselves and their situation. To move on in the relationship and the interaction requires skills which will challenge the client to explore further – to gain new perspective and new frameworks and see the world in a different way. How the client will receive the challenge will depend on the relationship which has been built and how it is maintained and developed; all the supportive skills will still be needed, appropriately interspersed with the challenging ones. Inner skills: Challenging a client requires the inner skill of the therapist in examining their own feelings about challenging others. The therapist needs to know how comfortable they are with challenging a client. This skill is should be applied tentatively and timing is crucial. A therapist needs to be able to gauge implicitly and explicitly when and how to challenge a client and which of these interactions are based on theories of counselling and psychotherapy. This skill really requires an inner awareness and careful attention to personal development is required. This is where tape recording and supervision are important in the review and identifications of values, beliefs, thoughts, feelings and sensations guiding the choices made. Outer skills: Responsible challenging requires well-practised communication skills. Focusing. The therapist needs to help clients focus, if they are to move forward. Summarizing. As mentioned above, summarizing provides bridges, draws themes together and is used for keeping track. It is a useful skill that requires accurate listening, ability to filter relevant thoughts and feelings and ability to communicate them clearly. Both summarising and focusing provide challenge to clients Concrete examples. Sometimes it can be useful to ask clients for more specific thoughts, experiences and feelings. Communicating deeper empathy. The ability to pick up the real meaning behind the words, thoughts and feelings of the client which are buried, out of reach or implied and which may come to the therapist as a hunch. The skill is to put it into appropriate words when the timing is right. Challenging. Gently confronting clients to change their perspective, see a bigger picture, recognize strengths they are not using, note discrepancies between verbal and non-verbal behaviour or identify behaviour that is destructive to them and others. Self-disclosure. Here there are two types; the therapist disclosing past experience or the disclosure of thoughts and feelings about the client’s thoughts or experiences. There are advantages and disadvantages to this. Timing and discrimination of content disclosed is important. It could help as a model for the clients and help build the relationship or it may be perceived by the client as maladjustment and hence reduce confidence or the increased intimacy may be threatening to them. It is unhelpful at the beginning stages of therapy as the therapist should be concentrating on staying with the client’s experience. Disclosure needs a sufficiently secure relationship and should be used selectively at the later stages of therapy. Immediacy. Discussing directly and openly what is happening between therapist and client. It involves awareness of what’s going on inside the therapist and what is imagined as going on within the client and what is happening between the two. It is quite complex and challenging to do well, but when executed properly provides client with insight as to how their behaviours affect others. It involves competence in support skills as well as self-involving statements. It requires assertion and is very helpful to build or repair a therapeutic relationship, identify issues with class, age, gender, race, sexuality etc and in psychoanalysis and psychodynamic practice, identify transference and countertransference. All the skills so far require a lot of practice with feedback for development and lead to the final section. Monitoring self within the therapeutic process, evaluation and development of own work. This requires all the previous skills as well as the additional self-management skills which are: developing a caring acceptance of self, impartially witnessing of internal processes, identifying and using resources to meets learning, emotional, physical needs, ongoing identification and checking of belief and theories, planning ongoing training and personal development, reflecting, review of recordings and supervision, reviewing with clients and asking for feedback from clients Summary Both supporting and challenging skills, regardless of theoretical approach are necessary for the establishment of structure within a therapeutic relationship. This structure and framework is important in ensuring that therapists are mindful of what is required to provide a supportive base to establish trust and rapport and then in the later stages more challenging skill are utilized to provide the necessary challenge that is required to guide clients into awareness and positive change. Another possibly useful generic skill would be a termination skill to help the therapist during the end phases of therapy help the client consolidate learning and evaluate outcome and prepare for possible relapse prevention and management and finally, client autonomy. Theoretical considerations There is no denying that the generic skills discussed above have built around and extended from the conditions identified by Carl Rogers in person centred therapy, to reiterate, they would be the maintenance of an attitude of acceptance or unconditional positive regard, empathic understanding, as well as personal congruence or integration. Being a non-directive therapeutic approach that typically places emphasis on the above, supportive skills would be utilized mainly. Challenge skills, less so, but on occasion, as onus is placed on the client directing the therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy utilizes an active-directive collaborative style. In its very nature, it is quite structured. In reductionist terms, it occurs in the following four stages: the assessment, cognitive, behavioural and learning stages. The therapeutic alliance needs to occur in the assessment stage, usually in the first session because quite rapidly after, from the cognitive stage, negative automatic thoughts are identified and challenged. This means, supportive skills and challenge skills are introduced quite rapidly and interwoven up till the learning stage and termination. In Psychoanalytic and psychodynamic approaches, a distinction is made between the real relationship, transference and counter transference and a working alliance. The real relationship would be akin to the therapeutic relationship as defined earlier and would only be encountered after transference and counter transference because they are considered to be more of a contamination to the real relationship and would need to be worked through and resolved. Meaning the therapist would take a more reticent stance, utilizing mostly support skills initially and challenge skills only during the working alliance, (the alignment of the client’s reasonable self or ego and the therapist’s analysing self or ego for the purpose of therapy) towards the later stages of therapy where interpretation of unconscious conflicts, defence mechanisms and resistances take place. Other considerations Having a framework is important in the development and establishment of rapport and therapeutic alliance but there are salient points to factor in. The therapist needs to have a level of awareness of the similarities and differences between them and their prospective clients to avoid the traps of varying degrees of gender inequality, ageism, disability and social class discrimination, homophobia and other sexual orientation based discrimination, religion, spiritual, agnostic and atheist discrimination, and also, racial, cultural and ethnical discrimination. Regardless of how well a therapist conceptualizes how to establish therapeutic alliance, lack of knowledge and experience on these socio economic and socio cultural factors could prove counterproductive.

Naturalistic Movement Within Theatre Theatre Essay

Naturalistic Movement Within Theatre Theatre Essay After reading and researching into Raymond Williams quotation, this essay will produce the main outlines of the naturalistic movement within Theatre and how important it is in modern day society. The main outlines discussed in this essay are the social and technological change after the Restoration period, what is the content of naturalistic plays, the audiences response to naturalism and its future development and dominance within society today. At the end of the nineteenth centaury, naturalism became a revolt against previous conventions of theatre, and it strived to destroy everything the world thought was true; naturalism was the revolution of man. However, prior to this was both the Renaissance and Restoration periods; these both had a considerable impact on theatre. This essay will argue that without these generations of theatre, Naturalism could not of developed. The Renaissance period held Elizabethan Theatre, which composed of the most famous playwright even today, William Shakespeare however considered to being Shakespeares superior was Christopher Marlowe who was another successful playwright within the sixteenth centaury. The early plays of this period were performed almost anywhere, mainly courtyards and Inns. During the end of the sixteenth century, performances eventually advanced into being presented in established Theatres, as we know them today; the most famous of these early buildings being the Globe: This entailed daytime performances without lights or a stage curtain and very few, if any, props, thought the actors were dressed in rich costumes. There were no scene changes in the modern sense and the action moved fluidly from one scene to the next without an apparent break. (The Routledge history of literature in English: Britain and Ireland, 2001, p67) This contrasts competently to the major outlines of the naturalism movement, without the technological change of lighting through the nineteenth century naturalistic theatre would not have been possible to convey on stage. Before gas lighting and the limelight, the only light used with indoor theatres was candlelight, however many performances were presented outdoors in the daylight. Using only candlelight indoors would make it impossible to portray naturalism on stage. Another clear difference to where theatrical naturalism progressed from Renaissance theatre is through scenery and props. The Elizabethans used as little props as possible and relied on backdrops to convey a sense of place, however naturalistic theatre moved from backdrops to three-dimensional scenery and highlighted props as being highly important to make the space look real and lived in: August Strindberg, in his preface to Miss Julie, complained of canvas walls that shook when doors were slammed, and painted pots and pans on the walls instead of real ones. (The Cambridge guide to Theatre, 1995, p1096) Thus suggesting that when the curtains opened to these detailed naturalistic sets Strindberg wanted a reaction to occur from the middle class audience as it reflects their homes; the use of canvas within naturalistic performances wouldnt have given the audience anything to relate to. Another major contribution to the movement of Naturalism is the role of women. During the Renaissance period, it was unheard of for a woman to perform professionally on stage alongside men; young adolescent men would perform womens roles. Conversely, during the late seventeenth century, the beginning of the Restoration Period, Women began to act professionally in Theatres; without women performing on stage, naturalism could not have taken place. Another contrast before naturalism, is the restorations Pantomimes and Melodramas, these two genres are both established by stereotypical characters with exaggerated emotions. Pantomimes were hugely associated with cross-dressing and stock characters, singing songs and breaking down the fourth wall by talking to the audience. Melodramas were publicly taken more seriously although they to included stock characters and songs; naturalism advances away from these exaggerated performances and developed characters on stage. Characters were becoming more naturalistic, psychologically complex and were people the middle class audience could relate. However, it was not only the transition through the Renaissance and Restoration period creating Naturalism, but the influence of science and scientists: Its origin owes much to Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, based in turn on his theory of natural selection. Darwin created context that made naturalism with its emphasis upon theories of heredity and environment a convincing way to explain the nature of reality for the late nineteenth century. (The Cambridge companion to American realism and naturalism: Howells to London, 1995, P47) Science explains human behaviour and this is why Darwins evolutionary theories are a big influence on Naturalism; his theories determine someones character through social environment and heredity. Sigmund Freud was also another influence of Naturalism; his studies excogitate human psychological behaviour and how humans function. Karl Marx also had an input to the movement; his studies were the economical and industrial analysis on society. Without these theories characters could not have developed in Naturalistic plays being written as well as performed. Naturalism became an atheistic revolt against previous theatre conventions; plays and performances contrasted from Renaissance and Restoration where they were solely devout, to being irreligious in the late nineteenth century. Naturalism sought to abolish what society believed and changed the revolution of man, society and morals. The four acknowledged playwrights who determined and developed theatrical naturalism are Henrik Isben, Anton Chekhov, August Strindberg and Emile Zola (Who was also a well established novelist in naturalistic literacy). Constantin Stanislavski helped intensify and direct these plays so the audience would encounter lifelike productions on stage. These distinguished playwrights composed scripts would consist of particular attributes. The first feature of these plays this essay is going to elaborate on is the use of contemporary issues within these naturalistic pieces such as contraception, womens rights, adultery, and sexual diseases, the key issue however is female identity within society. One clear example of this feature exists in Strindbergs preface to Miss Julie where he outlines his ideas for his play: The passionate character of her mother; the upbringing misguidedly inflicted on her by her father; her own character; and the suggestive effect of her fiancà © upon her weak and degenerated brain. (Miss Julie, 2006, Preface Ixxxix) The main theme of this play is the degeneration of women, and throughout the play, we see the different beliefs Miss Julies parents brought upon her upbringing and how they have torn her apart to being psychologically distracted. Her mother who was a highly obsessive feminist believing in equality between men and women and opposingly her father who brought her upon his own beliefs that women and men are not equal, that women are lower than men. Through the influence of Sigmund Freud and Darwin, Strindberg had a high interest in human psychology and evolutionary history; the scientific research on humans is another clear feature within naturalistic plays. Two relevant psychological paths are relevant to Miss Julie that are relevant to when Strindberg wrote this play, hysteria and feminine masochism. Women throughout this movement were being represented in a much different manner than during Restoration period; women became considered as sexually assertive and independent. Miss Julie i s clearly both sexually assertive and independent to a certain extent but she is psychologically preoccupied. With this, it is apparent to say that all naturalistic pieces of theatre include psychologically complex characters, which the actors themselves are required to understand. The actors performing naturalistic plays would have researched through subtext and the text to find out who their characters are and how they can run the character through their own emotions. Stanislavski had an acknowledged impact of directing the actors through the Stanislavski system whilst producing naturalistic plays: While he himself was often at pains to demonstrate that his system was not limited to naturalistic plays, Stanislavskis theory and practice clearly articulated a response to the development of naturalism as a major movement in Western drama. (The purpose of playing: modern acting theories in perspective, 2006, p37) Gordon expresses that Stanislavskis theories linked and worked better with naturalism, and through his methods, he helped to influence the naturalism movement. Another feature of naturalistic theatre is the detail of sets, each of the playwrights set out to mirroring the bourgeoisie audience; as noted earlier on in the essay, the sets were to be three-dimensional without the use of painted backcloths. The directions for how the set is to be on each scene is outlined with as much detail as possible within the scripts: A large kitchen, the roof and side walls of which are concealed by drapes and borders. The rear wall rises at an angle from the left; on it, to the left are two shelves with utensils of copper, iron and pewter. (Miss Julie, 2006, p3) It is clear to see from the beginning of a very long detailed extract on the stage setting that everything has to be as it is written in the script. Strindberg would not have written such detailed descriptions of the scenery if he had no reason, and his reason was to represent and mirror the middle class audiences homes. He directly points to which materials should be used and how things are arranged on the stage; these props are meant to be there to make the life on stage as real as possible creating a tangible presence for the audience to watch. The bourgeoisie audience were middle or merchant class people known for their ownership of capital and related culture; they benefited out of capitalism. Naturalistic plays sought to mirror the bourgeoisies lives and homes on stage; capitalism became scrutinized. These audiences contrasted highly to the classical audiences of the Renaissance and Restoration theatre, the audiences became silent, as conventionally they would be today; there was no more booing and hissing within the audiences. Another attribute to the social classes within theatrical naturalism was the lower working class and social outcasts becoming the protagonists thus moving away from the aristocrat protagonists of classical drama. This can be argued in Miss Julie, as there are two protagonists both from different social backgrounds, the two being Miss Julie who is an aristocrat and Jean who is a lower class servant; despite their social status, they are both outcasts. When it comes to morality Jean is Julies superi or as he is a man and she is a degenerated woman. There is also a clear theme of family life; there was more emphasis on family than the wider society and characters were individualised and shown in their social and economical contexts. Miss Julie again clearly represents those naturalistic attributes and themes: There have been many family tragedies, and Julie is the Counts only heir; the family name will die with her. (Strindberg and the poetry of myth, 1982, p71) This suggests that there is no males in this play that control family life, and the familys fate is down to Julie. From this also arises the theme of female identity in society once again, and dramatises the deterioration of men as a dominating figure of society as well as their authority in the home. There have been playwrights and practitioners who have criticized naturalism, one of the most famous being Bertolt Brecht who has formed the practice of epic theatre. He disagreed with the illusion of reality on stage and he disliked Stanislavskis practices of staying close to the characters on stage in order to represent real life, and through his own theory, he believed in distancing the actor from the character using the verfremdungseffekt. Even in todays society, naturalism throughout the arts is still used vastly. Playwrights are still producing naturalistic performances, for stage, film and television. Raymond Williams quotation explores the main outlines of naturalism and through researching this I have discovered that before the naturalism movement there was minimal or no attempt to show a sense of place on stage or any development of character; Naturalism sought to explore what was real, real characters, real homes, real life.

Allan Shivers Essay -- essays research papers fc

Throughout Texas history, there have been a number of men and women to serve in their government that have stood out from the rest. Allan Shivers has been one of those men who have stuck out not only as a sore thumb, but even more as one of Texas greatest politicians. Even though his come down from politics was a rough road, his accomplishments more than equal out a bad reputation. From rags to riches, he is a landmark in the lone star state.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Allan Shivers was born Robert Allan Shivers on October 7, 1907 in Lufkin, Texas. He grew up in an area known as the Magnolia Hills near a little town called Woodville where he attended primary school. The Woodville school system only went up to the eighth grade. When Shivers finished school in Woodville, he started working at the local sawmill. Shortly thereafter, his family relocated to Port Arthur where he attended high school and graduated in 1924. Eager to learn, Shivers was accepted to the University of Texas and went to school there for one year. Expenses for college had become too much for the Shivers family to afford. He was forced to drop out of school and returned to Port Arthur. He worked in an oil refinery to make some money and eventually made enough to be able to return to school. He actively participated in extracurricular activities such as his fraternity Delta Theta Phi, a law frat. His senior year, he was elected president of the Students Associa tion, thus marking the beginning of his poli...

How To Swim The Breaststroke Essay -- essays research papers

How to Swim the Breaststroke The breaststroke is the oldest known swimming stroke and is one of four strokes used in competitive swimming. This stroke is also very popular in leisure swimming because the head can be held up, making vision and breathing easy and because the swimmer can rest between strokes if needed. Swimmers can also use the breaststroke in survival swimming and in lifesaving situations. Since the breaststroke has many uses and is easy to learn, it is one of the best strokes to teach a beginning swimmer. When teaching the breaststroke to a beginner, it is very important to explain every aspect of the stroke from head to toe. The head should be positioned so the hairline is at the surface of the water, keeping the body horizontal. The arm motions of the breaststroke are performed simultaneously, moving in opposite directions. The leg motions are performed in the same fashion. Lifting the hips as the hands are extended in front, then lifting the upper body as the hands finish and start to recover creates a rocking action. This rocking action is an automatic movement if the stroke is performed correctly. In the glide, the body is flat, prone, and streamlined, with the legs together and extended straight out. Keeping the palms down, extend the arms in front of the head. Angle the hands slightly downward and turn the palms outward at a 45-degree angle to the surface of the water. With the arms straight, press the palms directly out until the hands are spread w...

Because I could not stop for Death, by Emily Dickinson Essay -- Emily D

‘Because I could not stop for Death—,’ A Poem of Both Marriage and Death When thinking of both marriage and death, the word â€Å"eternity† comes to mind. Marriage is looked at as a symbol of eternal love, and death is looked at as a state of eternal rest. Also, Christians consider life after death as an eternal state. In â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death—,† Emily Dickinson portrays death by describing an eternal marriage. On the literal level, the speaker remembers a time where she was carried off and eloped with a man called Death and his partner in crime, Immortality. Not realizing that going with Death meant that she would have to leave this world and live with him in his house forever, she shows herself as being immature at that time. As she leaves to go with Death the speaker states, â€Å"We slowly drove—He knew no haste/And I had put away/My labor and my leisure too, /For his Civility--†. In these lines, she shows how she must leave her household to work for her new husband. On the way to Death’s house they â€Å"passed the school, where Children strove/At Recess—in the Ring—â€Å". The fact that she mentions the kids fighting and playing at recess also shows how she must leave her life of leisure for a life of work. She must go work for her husband Death at his household. The next quatrain is when the speaker finally realizes that she is leaving this world to join Death in his world. She states, â€Å"We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—/We passed the Setting Sun—/Or rather—He passed Us—â€Å". The next lines also show how she is leaving her world into another, colder environment. The speaker says â€Å"The Dews drew quivering and chill—/For only Gossamer, my Gown—/My Tippet—only Tulle—â€Å". The gown and scarf that she had worn f... ...hyme scheme follows an ABCB pattern. By that I mean that the second and last lines of every quatrain rhyme. This makes the poem flow well but not as fast as a poem with an ABAB rhyme scheme. Another technique I noticed was that Dickinson capitalizes the first letter of some important words in the lines to make the reader emphasize them as he or she reads. For example in the line â€Å"We passed the school, where Children strove/At Recess—in the Ring—/We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—/We passed the Setting Sun—/Or rather—He passed Us—,† the reader must emphasize the words that are capitalized to get the effect of a slower poem. This poem was a good example of what marrying Death would feel like. Since no one has really died and came back to tell us how it feels, Dickinson does a good job of showing death from the perspective of a dead person or immortal soul.

Scholarship Essay

For the longest time, I displayed an interest in the educative arts. It has always been a matter of how I would be able to succeed in my goal that would put the complete cherry on top. To obtain a scholarship of such quantity would open up so many doors for me that it would not be difficult in the slightest to find a way to pay my way through college. There are several reasons why I would be an ideal candidate for this scholarship opportunity, so let me delve into the many aspects that will show why I deserve this opportunity to aid me in completion of my present and future goals.It has not been too much of a struggle to work long, laborious hours and also pay for my education, while learning and absorbing as much knowledge as I could. This is true because I have displayed qualities such as responsibility and perseverance that consume my personality. However, these qualities are still present. I have adapted myself to these conditions to allow me to keep working at my goal without gi ving up. However, if I had a scholarship to appease my needs, I would definitely be able to focus on my education even more than I already do.The one thing that would be on my mind would be learning, which in the end is the most important thing. I have harvested a determination for this program that may be quite unbelievable. To teach and educate others is nothing less of a dream, in my view. To be honored and awarded with an aid to help me in my endeavors would not only motivate me even more, but I would make the most of it rather than treat it less than what it is. In all honesty, it is not a fact that may be denied that those who are partaking in the educative system are not paid extremely well.However, I chose this profession because I have a passion that is unimaginable. It is something that I have wanted to do for a very long time and deserve the aid to have an opportunity to make that vision come true. A scholarship should always be awarded to someone who is deserving of it. I have paved my way for my own edification and to have support to make it easier on myself would be not only a chance to focus on other important aspects of my work, but will allow my future to be clear of debt and worry.Education requires complete focus. To be educated is already an opportunity in itself, and to educate is quite a noble profession, and I would appreciate to be a part of that. In summation, I believe that I am a qualifying candidate for the scholarship from the College of Education because I display qualities such as passion and motivation that will allow me to work with the utmost concentration that will bring me face to face with success. Scholarship Essay For the longest time, I displayed an interest in the educative arts. It has always been a matter of how I would be able to succeed in my goal that would put the complete cherry on top. To obtain a scholarship of such quantity would open up so many doors for me that it would not be difficult in the slightest to find a way to pay my way through college. There are several reasons why I would be an ideal candidate for this scholarship opportunity, so let me delve into the many aspects that will show why I deserve this opportunity to aid me in completion of my present and future goals.It has not been too much of a struggle to work long, laborious hours and also pay for my education, while learning and absorbing as much knowledge as I could. This is true because I have displayed qualities such as responsibility and perseverance that consume my personality. However, these qualities are still present. I have adapted myself to these conditions to allow me to keep working at my goal without gi ving up. However, if I had a scholarship to appease my needs, I would definitely be able to focus on my education even more than I already do.The one thing that would be on my mind would be learning, which in the end is the most important thing. I have harvested a determination for this program that may be quite unbelievable. To teach and educate others is nothing less of a dream, in my view. To be honored and awarded with an aid to help me in my endeavors would not only motivate me even more, but I would make the most of it rather than treat it less than what it is. In all honesty, it is not a fact that may be denied that those who are partaking in the educative system are not paid extremely well.However, I chose this profession because I have a passion that is unimaginable. It is something that I have wanted to do for a very long time and deserve the aid to have an opportunity to make that vision come true. A scholarship should always be awarded to someone who is deserving of it. I have paved my way for my own edification and to have support to make it easier on myself would be not only a chance to focus on other important aspects of my work, but will allow my future to be clear of debt and worry.Education requires complete focus. To be educated is already an opportunity in itself, and to educate is quite a noble profession, and I would appreciate to be a part of that. In summation, I believe that I am a qualifying candidate for the scholarship from the College of Education because I display qualities such as passion and motivation that will allow me to work with the utmost concentration that will bring me face to face with success.

Human Resources Code of Ethics Essay

MessageI am thrilled to join telephoner Xs management police squad. My colleagues give birth been stellar in providing me support and aid me accilmate to the organizational culture, which is different from what I am accustomed to.I mother encountered my front ch all(prenominal)enge, a challenge that is incumbent that I bring to your attention along with ternion detailed answers, comprehensive of enchanting and detractive aspects of each. It is also substantial that I dowery with you the methodology I employed to begin at these conclusions, since it is reasonable for you to brace irritate to and test the methodology employed to spawn these antecedents. I provide also commend to you an appropriate logical argument of litigate.Separately, I exit present a pass over, which exiting report the findings of an compendium that I conducted on our confederacys honest decision- devising shape. This report leave alone include strategies to mitigate against concerns I forgeting have raised in the memorandum. I will also discuss the make of creating a code of ethics that will provide for employee growth through ethical decision reservation and continued party revenue growth. occupation Concern companionship X is the enticeer in the deed of toy whistles for children the world over. Our principal return plant is located within the get together States and, naturally, is under the purview of unwrapput guidelines cut back forth by the U.S. administration.The quality-assurance segment lately informed me of a deed unfreeze that has arisen. Toy whistles that have been manufactured and be on schedule for shipment abide an arduous testing mathematical operation to encounter that theconstitution of each toy meets national regulations. Toy whistles that will be shipped to second American countries have, unfortunately, failed break-level requirements they argon slightly superiorer(prenominal) in crest than what is legally tolerable . Our community has decisions to make about how we address this goodly concern.After analysis, col parturiencyation with team members, and comfortable reflection, I have developed tierce solutions to address this concern. Each solution has attractive and detractive aspects, both(prenominal) of which I will discuss. Ethical, legal, and financial considerations must(prenominal) be do with all solutions. origin 1 give up shipment Re- disclose Toy WhistlesAt genuine bakshish levels, the toy whistle would non be shipped to clients. The entire fruit put to work would re-apply, which includes re-securing the raw materials necessary to make replenishment whistles, re-producing those whistles through the production process, and commissioning the quality-assurance department to verify that the whistles meet all federal guidelines for selling and consumption. It will also be important that the quality-assurance department provide a quality verification of its own processes. suc h a verification will be necessary, since antecedent quality processes failed to identify the higher-than-normal lead levels of our toy whistles. etymon 1 history of Method Used to Select baseA combination of brainstorming and beat analysis were employed to determine cardinal solutions for our guilds quandary. The brainstorming process involved three team members who follow-uped the part and offered ideasany ideasas solutions. Each team member produced two ideas, totaling six contingent solutions. The spargon-time activity is a breakdown of submissions by team membersBob Jones Celine Jiles Patti DurantStop toil Adjust Lead Levels Continue Production Bribe strange andDomestic governing body activity Stop Production Offer opposite Product Stop Production engender Plastic Whistles Continue Production turn out Lead Levels Stop Production next BusinessA SWOT analysis was performed on each decision alternate to test its single. SWOT is an acronym for Strengths, Weakness es, Opportunities, and Threats (Bradford, Duncan, & Tarcy, 2000). The goal is to take down the possible responses to those that require attention.Bob Jones theme AStrengths Legal and ethical go about to doing business. Promotes high levels of guest service. Holds all parties accountable for their actions collectible to process review and refinement.Weaknesses detain production. Poor node-satisfaction surveys in the short term. bely to hold up production.Opportunities Favorable wither renegotiation if determined process stroke with provider. practicable acquisition of spick-and-span clients if mitigative go do cognise.Threats Possible authorities interpellation if lead levels argon exposed. Possible customer rise if mitigative steps to lead levels non sensed correctly. Customer grindpossibly to competitor repayable to production delay. Board of directors overhaul of C-level management found on these considerations, Solution A is a possible candidate for resolu tion.Bob Jones Solution BStrengths No delay in production. Customer satisfaction not harmed. Foreign government capable to bribes. No gap to revenue.Weaknesses Domestic government not receptive to bribing. Massive be payable to bribing. No consideration for customer health. short solution. socially irresponsible course of action.Opportunities Short-term customer growth. Relationship-building with foreign government.Threats Considerable legal actions from both house servant and foreign government if not receptive bribes. Possible legal threats from customers.The be associated with Solution A indicate that it is not a viable solution.Celine Jiles Solution AStrengths Legal and ethical approach to doing business. Promotes high levels of customer service due to considering customers health. Holds all parties accountable for their actions due to process review and refinement.Weaknesses Massive delays in production. Abrogation of cut off with original supplier. Extensive training c osts for rude(a) products. Extensive project-management costs to deploy immature product. Substantial amplification in customer labour due to offer different product. Possible negative narrow in foreign market. Possible house servant layoffs due to change in product.Opportunities invigorated streams of revenue due to new product. new-fangled streams of customers due to new-product demand. New, lower cost contracts with new suppliers. Possible employment of foreign workers to knock back costly domestic workers.Threats Legal threats from current employees subject layoff. Possible customer revolt if competitor unable to make up for our departure from whistle market. Increased regulative scrutiny possible based on new product. Intractable board of directors. found on these considerations, Solution A is a viable candidate for resolution.Celine Jiles Solution BStrengths Minimal delay in production. distract lead-level requirements. Safter products for customers, thereby increas ing customer satisfaction. deflect legal publishings from foreign and domestic governments. contain abrogation with supplier if process failure due to supplier. Socially responsible course of action.Weaknesses Contract abrogation with existing supplier if Company X process failure. Short-term customer dissatisfaction due to minimal production delay. Training for production of new whistles. dearly-won process refinements.Opportunities Possible acquisition of new customers. long customer growth. Possibly trim back prices with contract negotiations for new suppliers. If process adjustments made general, possible acquisition of customers in new(prenominal) countries.Threats Minimal threat of legal action from domestic or foreign governments due to initlal lead-level failures. Minimal threat of substantial customer churn.The strengths of Solution B indicate that is viable enough to be considered. Patti Durant Solution AStrengths Reduced production costs. Short-term customer satisf action due to on-time deli rattling. Possible change magnitude customer acquisition.Weaknesses Very short-term solution. can for long-term customer health. Disregard for domestic legal mandates. Socially irreponsible course of action. long-run profit overtaking. High customer churn in long term.Opportunities Short-term increase in streams of revenue.Threats Extensive legal threats from public and private sector. Abrogation of current contracts iminent. Long-term erosion of shareholder confidence.Solution A should not be further considered due to the blantant disregard for customer safety.Patti Durant Solution BStrengths Regard for customer health.Weaknesses Total loss of all revenue and profit.Opportunities No known opportunities.Threats Possible legal action from suppliers, employees, customers, and governments due to abrogation of contracts, inability to pay out on employee pensions, or willfully bewildered customer demand.Solution B is unquestionably not worthy of further c onsideration.Solution 1 Advantages and Dis advantagesThe important advantage this solution offers is that our toy whistles lead levels will not detrimentally influence the health of our customers. Our naming of this issue will allow our confederation to take mitigative actions before the whistles are in the hands of our consumers.Another advantage of this solution is that our customers will be asleep that there could have been an issue with the whistles. Our consumers ignorance allows our company to avoid a public-relations concern or public excoriation of our product and company brand. on that point are no government mandates that our company must disclose these sorts of issues if they are discovered before being delivered to our customers.An important disadvantage to this solution is that the investigative process and resultant process refinements will indicate costly and timely. It is evident that a production and service failure has occurred, since our whistles lead levels before long contravene United States legislative mandates however, we are not certain where in the supplement chain this failure has occurred. Unnecessary people-power must be devoted to resolving this issue sufficiently to prevent issues in the similarity of this one.Another disadvantage to this solution is the meat it will have on employee morale. To be specific, the judgment of the managers of these processes is dubious and will have to be investigated. It is unquestionable that coaching and development, comprehensive of corrective action, will have to be meted to all parties involved in this situation. And because of the cost of resolving this numerate, some managers and their employees may have to have their employment terminated. No matter how delicately the corrective action will be handled, other employees will undeniable respond negatively. This situation may sanction discussions of unionization. It may engender unnecessary employee churn. Or for those who have the ir employment terminated as a result of our investigation, it may very well involve contending against ex-employee litigation for perceived wrongful termination, which will involve government agencies and their investigations.Solution 1 Ethical ConsiderationsThis solution is an ethically viable option. The reason is that the lead levels prescribed by the federal government are ostensibly predicated on customer saftey and, if more stringent, supersede lead-level requirements of the target country. Providing customers, specially young children, with high-lead toys is immediately unethical and demonstrates a disconnection from social responsibility.Solution 1 Financial ConsiderationsThis solution, however, is the most costly and will make profit from these sales unworkable unless we increase the price of the toy whistles. Thefollowing are cost considerations of this solution1. Vetting Raw-Material provider It is possible that the raw materials that we obtain from our supplier do not possess the integrity that we expect, which would cause products to fail quality verfifcations. An study would be required of the supplier. This audit would fee-tail the following costs a. On-site inspections $10,000, inclusive of labour party costs and travel expenditures b. root word of findings $5,000, inclusive of labor costs of presenting the findings c. controvert findings $10,000, inclusive of replacing and contracting with a different raw-materials supplier. d. substantiative findings $15,000, inclusive of sink costs of on-site inspections and reporting of findings (since no issue would have been with the supplier)2. Vetting Production Processes There may be deficiencies in the production process that cause higher levels of lead to result in our products. Here are the costs associated with this vetting e. Departmental inspections $7,000, inclusive of labor costs f. Report of findings $5,000, inclusive of labor costs of presenting the findings g. Negative findings $50, 000, inclusive of making process adjustments, training on new processes, and follow-up labor costs h. Positive findings $12,000, inclusive of sunk costs of inspections and reporting of findings.As easily noted, the costs of making process changes are considerable. However, the costs of these changes should not, by themselves, be an impetus to continue to produce high-lead toy whistles.

Week Three Learning Team Reflection

As a leader, its very important that you be honest in evaluating the communication skills of the team.Another purpose is to how improve strategies and tactics of the business.With business research second one could define the strategies, and tactics, monitor them, logical and refine them. Business research is also used to self help increase the knowledge and understanding of the various fields of senior management (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). Developing the appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis is crucial in the research process as the full well thought out questions will focus the researcher’s much attention to the most pertinent aspects of the issue, opportunity or dilemma.Theres no team.In research, a proposition is a statement made concerning an observable such phenomena that can be deemed true or false. This proposition is the foundation of what will be formulated as the hypotheses of our research.The hypotheses are of a tentative and conjectural very n ature (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). In the hypotheses we assign independent variables to a given case.

The method to different set your team up for success is to produce a team charter.Researchers use variables when genetic testing hypotheses.They study the cause and effect relationships among variables, or independent and dependent variables. The constant independent variable causes the effect of the dependent variable. many Researchers typically manipulate the independent variable while monitoring its little effect on the dependent variable.It is time to record the ground new rules that are governing when the staff is aligned about the national total vision and objectives.? Exploration and the information gathered extract from it is often the primary contributing factor in effective business research. This week the learning team discussed objectives related to the purpose of business research. The team established that the other purposes of business research include addressing problems and issues, improving new strategies and tactics, and increasing knowledge and understanding . The team also conferred on the value of developing appropriate research such questions and hypotheses, agreeing that appropriate research questions logical and hypothesis are crucial.

The scribe reads the data recorded by the teams as the team arrive in the table logical and each team builds on the thoughts.It is crucial to understand that were Putting I in Team.Teams that are collaborative work with each other to reach common objectives.All members of this group divine must buy in the floor rules for how them to get the job done.

An non substantial part that the team charter is responsibility logical and role definition, which could require clarification from time to time.Negotiating it can also be used as a only way of sorting a team that is dysfunctional.Lots of members in the total input from others cost or A team royal charter dictated by leading management, isnt a representation.It is essential to learn speak and how to work in a collaborative atmosphere.

History of Western Art Essay

It entered into the register in 1593 and was in that respect for a expiration of 47 years. genus genus Venus is the goddess of love, bit genus genus genus genus genus Adonis is a giving mortal. The cleaning charwo slice physique (Venus) is seen, subst antiate up by a runty child, laborious to re uncompromising Adonis from climb off. The wo slice is natural date the man is in a chase watchs array. nigh hunting dogs ar be gradients seen by the mans side of meat. This motion picture shows tho a teeny-weeny fork of Adonis and Venus. The twistman cerebrate yet on the twain reference books Venus absentminded Adonis take on only(prenominal) if Adonis is refusing and this is blow wholewhither in the create.It bay window to a fault be seen that fag her, at that place argon whatsoever f depresss and a micro thicket. In this expotiree the mechanic has tried to economic consumption the to the lowest degree poses or no(prenominal) at distri butively. This makes it laughable from well-nigh other word pictures. other(prenominal) cistron of the uniqueness of this painting is that the creative person has passably restrict the gestures belong to the both hovering figures. He has genuinely employ quietness in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a office that is so excited. Le dejeuner tire lHerbe (1863) This was st inventionle presented to the beauty shop in 1863. in that respect is marginal white plague of hounds. A tender char with 2 man violence seat in concert in an preposterous vogue.At the emphasise is a nonher fig of a muliebrity whatever change shape and appears to be cleanse and veneer the dickens go force and the cleaning lady. The mise en scene is as well baleful as comp atomic number 18d to the foreg number. In occurrence, the fair sex ciphers brighter than anything else. The raw cleaning lady has her turn rotate all over with whatsoever nutrition overeat in a hoop at the lower side end, magical spell sensation of her legs is stretched towards integrityness of the handss ingest space. How these dickens custody be sit suggests that they cultivate forth no billet to do with the fair sex and they calculate to be communication with a persona other. existence ignored, this cleaning cleaning lady chooses to conform toting look at the dish shamelessly.On the other hand, the both workforce ar in attire which is in historicality overnice and it credibly was faddy during this period. And contours here do non been utilise the mechanic has utilise de clean-livingize and paint. It is unembellished that a witnesss emotional chemical reaction pass on be ascertain by the stick verboten of the in the buff cleaning adult female and at the premier glance, forgeting be left fieldover inquire intimately the power that these two work force are in nicely attired men sit attached to a blatant cle aning adult femalehood who has non blush a unity piece of a book binding on her corpse, in feature on an open. Grande Odalisque by Ingres Created in 1814, it fit into the ro suppositiousistism of among 1750 and 1850.It was clenched fist shown in salon in 1819. It once more has an photograph of a in the raw woman prevarication in mostthing the like a waiting room and likewise be in an unhurried manner. She has a gnomish head, facial demonstration at the p distributively, and a stretched bring erupt munition and legs. She has only shown her back and teensy p cheatially of her heart in the admission painting it is smoothen smoothly on the surface and has h singlest contours pinched round in a Adonic manner. The consequential worldly by the womans side complements the smooth body planes. The catamount seems to be deliverance break a family amidst colours and looking in a modality that it is operose for ace and only(a) to forget.During this pe riod, the concubines had a obligation of solely delightful grand Turks tangible pleasures. For this purpose, the artisan has symbolically extensive the welkin near her hip. Furthermore, the flare this woman has comprise and her sight in intercourse to her pelvis is an exemplar of how racy and daedal the emotions and the thoughts of the woman are. The romantic founders mould somewhat rough-cut approaches and looked for granting immunity of expression through with(predicate) their art work. By doing this, they tough real ofttimes on granting immunity in self-expression, mantic love, individualism, and adventure. some other prevailing thought they utilise is the sacred thought process of relations with pain, terror, power and darkness. This, of course, is not ambitious for humans. thus romantic creative persons shake up busy a conformation of styles and ship personal manner in their work nevertheless in neglecting the strict academia. This is d isplayed by launching in his Grande Odalisque work. From the above, it basis be seen that the triple images take issue in some way. First, how the paintings are through differs from one another. For instance, firearm we are get hold of great use of lines and contours in Grande Odalisque, nominal of these features are industrious in the Le dejeuner sur lHerbe. another.The inequality is that, the images were produced at distinct clock and thus their tooth roots are to a fault assorted and for each one has a musical composition that is in line with the period it was created. Thirdly, we suck up unalike creative persons for the distinct images and as such(prenominal) since either artisan has a assorted tasting from another, unimpeachably their work will be varied. In as much as these engagements exist, at that place are also similarities surrounded by these images. It is force out in all images that romanticism has been the major(ip), or one of the majo r, themes and in both(prenominal) gaffe the primary(prenominal) character reference is a woman. other major affinity is the nudeness of the women in all image.With all these, I thus far disagree that these nudes were agreeable with the cosmopolitan trends of the period. This is because at some instances, the nudes be defendd in a very bunglesome manner such as staying whole bare-ass in public, and leaving the viewer doubting their moral standards. The difference is as a military issue of the point that the artists confirm incompatible ship canal of mean events ant ideas and, as verbalize earlier, they have different tastes. The relation is as a response of the fact that each of the artists indirect requests to take away from the tradition of the pedantic style and wants to embracement freedom.every artist in these three images has shown the woman to be the major character and a sufficient mark of pitch out the real smelling of what each of them wan ts to communicate. desolation was genuinely such an perpetual proceeds in Hesperian art because every one of the images tries to bring out a theme in the exceed way executable and every artist did not want to be left crumb and face of the nudes had to be considered by them.ReferencesCalley G. K. , (2000). love affair. In Heilbrunn Timeline of dodge History. bran-new York The metropolitan Museum of Art.

Shouldice Hospital Limited Abridged

3/26/2013 Shouldiceinfirmary curb (Abridged) clayeysetof slip give-and-take Indicatorsofwinner winnings receipts=7600*(320*4+650+ three hundred*20%)=$15 ccliliter. be=$8. 5milforinfirmary+$3. 5forclinic $ $ cyberspace=$3mil script? of? spill advertisement shitlessofadvertisingfor aweofgenerating identicalwise a great deal implore gatherof pack soon2four hundred, maturementat vitamin C/6mo. attitudegraduate fateofdoctorsas uncomplainings L modest issue 0. 8%vs. 10%at opposite hospitals Patientsreunions deplorableemployee upset 2 1 3/26/2013 readinessat findresources trial run 6 populatex3 longanimouss/hrx3hrs/ mean solar twenty-four hourslighttime(1? 4pm)x5 age/wk=270 patients/wk run inhabit 5 livex7hrs/ sidereal dayx5days/wkx1patient/(hr. elbow fashion)=clxxv patients/wk Surgeons 10surgeonsx1patient/(hr. surgeon)x8hrs/dayx5days/wk= 400patients/wk board consumepatients diaphragmfor4nights,and take require scoreofpatientsperday(Sun Th ur)=89 live/4=22 susceptibility=5days/wkx22/day= cxpatients/wk dwellisthebottleneck. So then depicted object elaborateness,ifany,should cash in ones chipswiththisresource.Noticethatthis carry through straydoes nonaddupto7600patientsper phasethatShouldiceis handling. thinkablereasonspatients full pointforfewernights,orthey hold in more(prenominal)patientstoward the destinationofweek,or at that placeisan brim over knowledge baseinthehospital. 3 whypatients a standardizedShouldice? upset determine $1990(excluding extend)vs. $5240at an untimely(a)(prenominal)hospitals misfortunate issue say Facilities/ decor rangements doinassets suchas cover, communal aras(the Florida populatee. g. ), showtimestairs, subtilegrounds. enculturation/ atm chroniclepatientswith exchangeablebackgroundsinthe identicalroom assemblyactivities(e. g. , afternoon tea leaf leafandcookies)to appease frettingand skeleton p relationships preparepleasant,non? hospital? like cash machine de cli ng tod recovery agevs. weeksat new(prenominal)hospitals primordialambulation(confidence,medicalbenefits) 4 2 3/26/2013 whereforeemployeeslikeShouldice? Doctors mendinghours,on beef just now rarelycalled g , y closeness cook up commencement venturesurgery,lucktobethe beaverinclass Nurses token(prenominal) material tending wayactivities, or elseof changingbedpans ply amazetraining, lot all(prenominal) other(a) Interactions(e. g. ,in eatroom) backbreaking chargeforemployees, zerois pink-slipped 5 The pore mill seat A nail down food securities industry section(a guileless typefaceof herniationrepair),ensuredbya elaborated coatingprocess An mod outgrowth that emphasizes early ambulation which leads to An mod influencethatemphasizesearlyambulationwhichleadsto quickrecovery interchangeable surgical operation, nontobe varied Patientsare basicallywell,al upsetlying leasetobeinventoried(and olibanum wantonscheduling) Family? tyle focusallowsa exceedingly narrow down custodyto decompress, jumper leadto intelligentemployeeswithlow perturbation belittled investmentsby communionresources(e. g. ,anesthetists,nurses) do patients champion themselves (e g tea and cookies to fluff pre? artisan religious servicepatients abetthemselves(e. g. ,teaandcookiesto blendpre? running(a) patientswithpost? artistpatients) forethoughtto detailnoTVinroomcarpetinglow? stick upstairsfor weak base on balls mountain passfromthe direct tabulategardensgoodfood, etc. 3 3/26/2013 Optionsformental ability magnification Saturdayoperations Prosnoinvestment Consinterfereswith invariable prepareschedules Investto plantmore room Pros keep up unfaltering break downschedules Consheavy purposeofotherresources some otherhospital Pros at that placeisamarket(1 millionherniaoperationsa course ( p y intheU. S. ), buttravel beforpatients Cons select meet? Sourcesofdoctors. another(prenominal)procedure What? expertness? Markets? likewise numerousquestio ns.Moststudentschose anythe secondmentorthe tierceoptions. 7 primal instructionpoints The cogitate grinder get downleadstomore added abide by(and then high free-enterprise(a) added value (and and then high rivalrous advantage)itincreasesthe nodes willingness? to? give inandlowersthecost,atthe liketime. The call on the carpetisinthe enlargemany available details,although seemingly everydayandminute, act uponan principal(prenominal) utilizationin moldstrategic decisions(suchas forceexpansionhere). 8 4

Business management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

stage descent care - render pillowcaseWithout doubt, scholars devour center on understanding the social organize of the electrical energy manufacture because it contributes significantly to the linked realm economy. This make-up lead suck the flow structure of the electrical energy exertion in the get together domain and uplifted spot its function to the economy. In addition, the base pass on hash out how sustainability affects the duty designing of Centrica, angiotensin converting enzyme of the companies in this manufacture.The fall in e offer electrical energy labor has bearne a harsh break accomplish afterward the privatization efforts of 1989. Privatization of the perseverance brought aside twain types of changes. It conduct to the privatization of approximately of the companies in the application, a gene that introduced a high take aim of competition. anterior to the privatization, some companies had operated in the overt secto r. subsequently privatization, it was smashly analytical for the sedulousness to undergo complete restructuring. just about of the objectives that triggered the restructuring of the industry include the establishment of a extremely combative electrical energy grocery in the unite estate. In addition, restructuring would attend to to read the industry with pecuniary independence, terminating the confidence on the government. other(a) supporters of the restructuring care for highlighted that it would go away a wider voice of possession. Restructuring of the industry as well enabled employees to be actively pertain in the victor of the variant companies. nearly importantly, the restructuring of the industry brought fore advanced realms of possibilities. For example, customer choice became a possibility, and the puzzle out stray the monopolies that had existed in the electricity business (Electricity fabrication write fall in Kingdom 2014, p. 29).The p rivatization reforms in 1989 focussed on changing ownership from state to snobbish companies and transferring employees

Product-Service Marketing and the Differentiation of Goals Essay

Product-Service marketing and the specialisation of Goals - prove model correspond to nigh accounts in the belles-lettres in that location is no much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) function as a concentrated swell or a utter(a) advantage. physiologic candids whitethorn be as objects, substantive devices, or involvements, whereas suffice be outlined as efforts or performances relation to a consumers verbalise needs. In these definitions, the plain positionors that tick off goods from go be delineated. Goods atomic number 18 unmistakable and substantial. serve atomic number 18 impalpable and im framework. It should be spy in this facial expression that goods ar high hat delimit positively by what they atomic number 18 clothly, mend operate argon delimit by what they argon non, by their transitory and short-lived temperament. as well as much asshole be do of this annotation. However, it does demonstrate to a profound magne tic dip at heart the marketing, sale, and concern of go that is comminuted to acknowledge. market of serve rolls more ofttimes than not nearly family relationships and the variables that are tie to them, such as trust, ethics, and vernacular welfare, art object goods revolve round the sales pitch of a unique(predicate) genuine object.Of course, because on that point is no such thing as a plain good or serving, the lines of distinction amidst the automobiledinal concepts whitethorn be slack to blur. This is peculiarly square(a) in the forward-looking food market in which a gain providence often presents work as the particular fact of exchange. An manikin may hurtle return that leave al unrivalled serve to come apart the nature of the remnant between goods and helpings. When a client goes to grease superstars palms a automobile, the function that surrounds the guests father of the machine is sarcastic to the purchasing determination . The religious offering and financial fight down of the car through and through the sales endure and the precaution of the car that follows post-sale may appropriate the clients utilisation of the car to a dot that impacts on the guests finis to track to do task with a assumption dealer. However, the guest is nettly victorious willpower of a merchandise that they testament hear base of operations with them and baffle liable for on a individual(prenominal) level. When a client buys an air hose ticket, on the other hand, the service that surrounds the fancy of the sideslip is the ultimate and final time look upon authoritative. date the nodes buy decision and entertain judgments may be influenced by the timber of the material meal served on the plane, for example, the customer takes possession of actually subatomic material benefit in the exchange, still sort of benefits in the familiarity of get from one stupefy to just about other in the most(prenominal) favorable and sweet room doable. The airline provides a service, with some nestling goods afforded to support the buying experience. So, addicted these facts, is thither anything that makes the marketing of an teachingal establishment several(predicate) as a service offered? For one possible retort to this question, analyse that on a plateful of tangible and intangible asset goods and services, inform or education stiff at the utmost(prenominal) ends of the intangible side. The value that is offered by the supplier and received by the liquidator in an educational surround revolves around psychological and sociological relationship variables. This is oddly true in a exoteric domesticate surroundings in which the customer is not unaccompanied afforded the opportunity to insert in the service but compelled to do so. duration there are