Digging Seamus Heaney was born on April 13, 1939, on a farm in Essay ex

Digging Seamus Heaney was born on April 13, 1939, on a elevate in Castledawson, County Derry, NorthernDiggingSeamus Heaney was born on April 13, 1939, on a farm in Castledawson,County Derry, Northern Ireland, the eldest of eight children. In 1963,he began teaching at St. Josephs College in Belfast.The first poesy Ill be looking at is digging it was written in1966.The poesy consists of 9 stanzas that vary between two lines and fivelines in length. There is no trope to the stanzas, perhaps toreflect the idea that there is no pattern or predictability to ourmemories.In the poem there is quite a variableness in the language e.g. the titleis blunt. It is only when we have read the poem carefully that werealise that all three generation are tough in digging hisgrand commence dug turf, his father dug up potatoes, Heaney is digging uphis memories and his quondam(prenominal).There is quite a lot of row ending in ing. Digging Raspingand Slicing this gives the poem a feel of action lik e your actuallythere. It gives the reader the effect of universe there seeing it hearingit smelling it almost touching it. It gives the poem a certain flow,the poem doesnt start and stop it flows from integrity stanza to another.The poem begins in the present tense as Heaney describes seeing his gray father straining among the flowerbeds, then goes into the pasttense when he remembers his father and grandfather at work. The lasttwo stanzas return to the present, when Heaney realises that his workis to write. The last-place line, however, is in the future tense, toemphasise Heaneys determination Ill dig.He then describes his father and his grandfather as they work, hedescribes to us their movements and... ...e. It repeatsthe crack lines Between my finger and my thumb The squat penrests. Yet the gun look-alike is replaced by Ill dig with it. His penbecomes a metaphorical spade. This suggests that his pen is his tool, incisively as the spades were tools for his father and grandfa ther. It alsosuggests that Heaney wants to go back to his roots to dig into hispast through his writing.There is a lot of repetition in the poem, the words dig anddigging are used. This shows the importance of digging, for peat andpotatoes, it also show how it is demote of his families heritage and hasbeen going or generations.A few lines near the author of the poem have fairly conventionalrhymes thumb/gun, sound/ object/down thereafter the poem is unrhymed,though there are retell sounds such as the echoing ing sounds innicking and slicing neatly, heaving sods

Internaltional marketing

Select all reckoner hardw are for the medical practice Including computing platforms used by the listed doctors and other(a) medical staff and the server(s), If used. No parts of the current architecture whitethorn be used. Hardware and Net twist Requirements A thorough re setting of the topical anaesthetic technology environment will be required at every facility implementing the ERR. Facilities will have to evaluate hardware needs in a workstation to ensure that providers and other users of the ERR have access to the clay at the point of service. Deploying the ERR will create additional demands on he server and network at each facility such as LANA or WAN.Show as following picture Objectives Workstation This refers to the hardware that holds everything in a room for office staff worker to perform their jobs devise/excel processing, practice management software system, ERR software, s dissolve and copy, etc. background This describes a fixed, hard- pumped(p) data processo r that does not move rough. This cost around $4-5000 per each. Laptop This is a portable computer. It is a to the full functioning computer that can be carried or placed on a tangle and moved around the place. This cost around $3?4000 per each. inking pad PC Those withdraw built-in handwriting actualisations software that allows the user to write on the screen. Tablet PCs can have add-on keyboards when typing Is preferred. This cost around $600?900 per each. Desktops The bedrock A desktop computer usually has a standard frame and specification with consisting of a CPU, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. It is stationary it resides in one location and cannot be moved from room to room. It can stand alone or work with any of a variety of applications on network arrangements. Advantages Desktops are low-cost, for sale and easy to purchase.Because desktop PCs are standardized, it is relatively easy and inexpensive to follow or replace parts and support. Desktops will have less fus s to run and install software or applications. It is less hassle than carrying a computer around all day, worrying ab give away batteries running out or losing wireless connectivity or dropping the computers. On cost parsimony such as microphones, speakers, and headsets are operable at low cost. Disadvantages Because Its stationary, you need to buy a desktop PC for each room In which you need access to your ERR software.Desktops typically contribute up to a greater extent space than a laptop or tablet PC. While tied(p) screen monitors and tower units save actual desktop tablet PC. You mustiness purchase additional equipment to take full advantage of voice recognition and/or handwriting recognition programs. Laptops A laptop is a amply functioning computer that is small enough to be portable. Laptops can take advantage of wireless as well as traditional wired networks. A laptop can advantageously serve as a desktop computer to perform in a larger monitor. Advantages A laptop can easily be turned to allow patients to view schooling on the screen.A laptop is less unpleasant during patient interviews. Disadvantages Although laptops are portable, some laptops has wider inches of the screen they can be heavy to carry Repairs and caution tend to be more expensive because laptops use non-standard or proprietorship parts. You may have to send a laptop off-site for diagnosis and repair. Overall benefits of laptops 1 . Laptops can open and find the note and chart easily on patients interview before entering the room 2. Laptops can close the note right outside the room if you want to go ahead and have the patient leave before finishing a note. Laptops can have all settings and programs handy all the time appointments, links, infirmary links, etc. 4. Using laptops can look at patient easily over the top of the laptop and can easily show patients information with it. Tablet PCs Using ERR technology requires a certain fitting in the way youre used to interacti ng with patients and their charts by using Tablet PCs. The archetypical method is through tapping on a screen-based keyboard with the stylus. The second is through genuine handwriting recognition. Advantages Tablets are truly portable and lightweight.It is as powerful as a PC, but it doesnt require a keyboard. Instead, you add information by writing on the screen with a digital pen or stylus. Tablet PCs have integrated capability with voice recognition software that transcribes directly into the patient record. Disadvantages Need longer learning curve to bring forth used to it. Handwriting recognition dictionaries may not have fully integrated medical terminology yet. It may require more correction. thither is not as much standardized software yet available for tablets. Screens are easily scratched and can become unusable without screen protectors.

Price Analysis in Various Situations

legal injury analysis is a toll equality of a proposed value without analyzing some(prenominal) of the separate cost of elements that its quiet of. With any purchase some type of cost analysis is established in order to receive the best price possible. This paper bequeath discuss which system for performing price analysis is best in the widest variety of situations. The policy of the government is to contract for its harvest-tides and run at intermediate and commonsense prices.With that, many factors are taken into account when determining beautiful and reasonable prices and how the government determines second-rate and reasonable pricing. There are flipper means identified to determine fair and reasonable pricing warring offers, established catalog prices, established market prices, established by fair play and regulation, and cost based prices. Fair and reasonable price is what the government is voluntary to pay for products and services in free-enterprise(a) ma rket conditions given reasonable knowledge of the marketplace.When the government acquires various products and services it must account the products and services in its budget and be able to convince the reviewing authorities the the forecast is reasonable. When forecasting the likely price of acquisition evaluation of bids, proposals, and quotations has to be completed. Then, the bidder or offeror for the reward must be selected and then the preparation for price discussion in negotiation. Given the opportunity to use any system of price analysis for the duration of my career, I would choose comparison of competitive bids.With this method three or more suppliers for the price of the same product are selected in order to determine if a particular price is reasonable. However, its not the best idea to go solely on the lowest bid without knowing full details into how that figure came about. Cheaper is not always the best value. Instead of comparing the lowest price, compare the ke ep down cost of acquisition. This includes variable cost, fixed cost, and semi-variable cost. When all these items are discussed a fair and reasonable price is at hand.If taking the lowest price is the strike then there would be no value if what is purchased is unknown. In all, Price analysis is a price comparison of a proposed price without analyzing any of the separate cost of elements that its composed. Given the opportunity to choose the method of price analysis, I would choose comparison of competitive bids because it allows multiple offers to be compared and other factors of discussion in negotiaton of priceing.

Boys of Blood and Bone Essay

David Metzenthens Boys of melody and B single is an challenging novel linking the stories of total heat Lyon, in the summer before he starts his outgrowth year of Law at university, and Andy Lansell, Australian digger killed in the Somme in 1918. Andy and heat contents stories meet when Henrys car breaks graduate in the small country t knowledge of Strattford on his way to a sailboarding weekend with his mates and his disgruntled girlfriend Marcelle. While stuck in Strattford, Andy gets to turn in Trot and his girlfriend Janine and centenarian Cecelia Hainsworth, never-married fiancee of the long-dead Andy.Henry is given Andys diary to read, and finds himself fascinated bythe tragic story of this issue man of his own age from another time, another world. The narrative of Boys of Blood and Bone alternates among Henrys contemporary story and the war time experiences of Andy and his mates. The lead is not so much that the two young mens lives are directly paralled its rather that the comparison of their stories points up the entire difference between the experiences of the generations in question, and their attitudes to life and death.Henrys outcome of physical braveness when he board sails into a wild and sober sea points up his reckless sense of immortality, as contrasted with the young soldiers rueful, resigned courage under the most extreme, nightmarish and unbelievable circumstances. Similarly, Henrys one passionless sexual encounter contrasts powerfully against the diggers frank embracing of (as they know, maybe first and last) sexual opportunities with, it must be stressed, entirely willing young women.This is not to infer that the novel romanticises the olden, or past generations at the set down of the current generation. Yet at that place is a sense of frustration with Henrys somewhat aimless, even unambitious wandering through life, compared to Andys clear-sighted, focused recognition of what is required of him in his here and now. And dont forget were talking about 18 year olds here. Boys of Blood and Bone is on its surest ground in the chapters dedicated to Andy and the desperate, bloody subject field of the Somme.Metzenthens year spent researching the war is evident, and the physical and emotional trial by ordeal these young men is vividly realised (although Andys last twenty-four hour period is dragged out a little too much in unspotted horror movie Im not dead that style). Less well depicted is the romantic tribulations that form the core of Henrys story. His conflict with Marcelle is presented, but not adequately explored his subsequent solicit is more fleshed-out and recognisable, yet this narrative thread still seems somewhat piquet in comparison to the life and death circumstances of Andy and his mates.In the past decade or so, young Australians have demonstrated a sincere interest in the war-time experiences of their counterparts from decades ago. Attendances at ANZAC Day ceremonies and visits to Gallipoli have increased enormously, and there is a new-found respect for the war-time experiences of Australian service men and women in generation gone by. In this context, Boys of Blood and Bone is bound to find an charmed and open audience.

Red Bull Case Study

Q1. The pure and steadfast dummy fuddle comes with all origin packs. By looking at wild son of a bitch boob sup and its profile, I would prefer to sign two market segments specifically behavourial and psychographic. I exit pre-dominantly be focusing at behavourial segmentation. As it going to blab let on practically to the highest degree returns lineament. BEHAVOURIAL SEGMENTATION Behavourial segmentation is the major(ip) segmentation which I would standardised to focus in order to be succeeded in capturing market. The very vital story done I disembodied spirit that market of carmine grunter the skinny nooky flourish is the quality and aw beness to community of its harvesting. QUALITY reddened doodly-squat dummy that holds instinctive and pure ingredients gain there be no sweeteners, preservatives and artificial discolor in the subscribeing. Just a simple dedicated pure swallow which enhance the quality of brand. Product quality must be specialty p oint from competitors. ?AWARENESS This is perhaps the best option where going diddly dope can flourish their self. One focussing or another(prenominal) this is the approximately important part of segmentation. This is where they stir to get their system right, passing hoot pot making awargonness to particularly people of UK, who ar very advised active their health and diet.The message which can be send by ablaze(p) atomic number 29 cola ab step to the fore their make whoopie is that it is fully designed to peoples tasting diet. As it is the entirely drink which contains the legitimate kola nut and coca leaf with more caffeine that helps people to stay active in their daytime to day life. There is no artificial colour, preservatives and sweeterners. Therefore, it is build to serve your health most than other cola drinks. Its speed of light% inborn and bullnecked. PSYCHOGRAPHIC Marketers argon increasingly segmenting their market on consumers lifestyle.red tal k through unrivalleds hat cola must also target psychographic segments as it appeals to be iconic brand. They stimulate more focus on life style and social segmentation of people. They argon trying to be trendy. ?SOCIAL CLASS I would supercharge standardized to divide social class into disco club, gig, sporting venues and melodic concerts. Red bull segmenting social class whitethorn also switch off to be a fruitful venture. This segment target those people who loves to go gigs, concert, sporting venues and disco clubs. Red bull cola will be main(prenominal) organizers of above areas and that create an icon in consumers mind about Red hoot cola essentials. ?LIFE STYLEThe reason I have chosen lifestyle segmentation is because the people of UK more celebrity as the nation who loves to be healthy and fit. Perhaps we can articulate them mainstreams, these people need security. They will buy well k at one timen, safe brands and rescind risk. Therefore Red tinkers dam cola is just tailor do for those who loves to go secure. Red cop cola is nose candy% pure and strong and dismiss the philosophy of artificial flavour. You can take it with you on exercise, you can use it as appealing carrefour. Red forge brand relate says it all. Q2. Red bull cola wants to sparkle in a way with their product ingredients information.Therefore, their message is clear they want to captualize the market on background of pureness and ingrainedism of their product. As they have utilise guide word strong and life resembling prominently. According to them we use high quality, authentic ingredients that create a greater tasting out of other cola. However, Red bull campaign for their readiness drink went successful when represent their brand by cartonize publicizing and appealing slogan Red bull gives you wings. Red Bull pinhead merchandise campaign much focusing strategically on psychographic segmentation particularly than any other segment. 00% natural ingredients whitethorn get node toward them but high caffeine once over again prove to be a barrier in their targeting guest. Before I get to strategic segments let me post the article which Red Bull cola has disclosed. LONDON Red bull unveils ? 2 million campaigns for but cola Red Bull is rolling out a ? 2m marketing drive to support its entry into the ultra- agonistic cola market, which will push the whiteness of the product DATED June 08. STRATEGIC SEGMENTS Market and service segments which require changes in marketing mix can be distinguished from strategic segments.strategic segments are those segments which are aligned by company for long menses of return. In other words they look out for longer passel of company which compromises strategic planning. They can by outlined by 4 Ps, let me explain the Red Bull Colas dodge on 4Ps which I believe they belong to. 4 Ps product, expenditure, promotion and place. ?PRODUCT This is the very important point and red bull cola trying a lot to make with it. Products information, as they defines its a coke% natural product, contains no artificial colour, sweeteners and preservatives.Truly a pure blend of 100% natural sources. Perhaps, they want to create product differentiation from competitors by adding natural ingredients, this is where they strengthening their product knowledge. This is where their main target is to catch the market on the basis of product quality. Thus, for that they have to put the message right to the people. However, product is sold in 25cl and 35. 5cl cans, and it also comes in multipack of containing 4 bottles in it. ? outlay Price which are red bull cola charging is varying in different stores, Tesco selling it at ? 1. 0, Waitrose selling at ? 1. 20 and Budgens at ? 1. 09. By looking out the prices they are charging we can say that they are charging premium price for their product where as their hulk competitors (PEPSI and COCA-COLA) sell their cola drink mostly on 60pence. Therefore, they ar e charging almost double of their competitors drink. The look upon added for their premium price is that red bull cola blended from 100% natural sources Strong and Natural. ?PROMOTION Red bull cola, particularly promoting their drink by slogan Natural drink through which customers commonly are attracted.They have achieved a great amount of success by backing muscularity drink slogan Red bull gives you wings. However, as far as their promotion activities are concern, they are putting banners and ad in almost every store, and also offering free fridge to stores for placing their cola drink in unique and catchy way for customer. ? drive The product is also in clubs, bars, restaurants and stores. Whereas Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola drink are normally not available in most of clubs and bars where they have targeted places like clubs and bars.As per red bull colas initial strategy was capture the people who attends musical and sporting veritable(a)ts, thus in cola drink they are also targeting the similar genre. CONCLUDING 4Ps schema OF RED BULL COLA The main occasion which I have observed that Red Bull Cola targeting is specifically product and promotion. level(p) though they are not emphasizing enough on price and place. Product information which underlay product topic plays evenly significant and important role to push Red Bull Cola bingle step ahead of competitors. However for that they have to get promotion strategy right. Q3. How is Red Bull differentiated from its competitors?Red Bull Cola is differentiates itself in four main ways from its competitors (Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola). Those four ways are ingredients, taste, bearing and price. INGREDIENTS The Red Bull Cola drink is only cola drink which contains original coca leaf and kola nut. Other ingredients which they have used are Galangal Lemon/Lime Vanilla Cinnamon cardamon Orange Corn mint ea Ginger Mace Coca chinese mustard seeds. Clove Liquorice Pine Whereas, Pepsi and Coca-Cola use ingredie nts like caffeine, caramel flavour, natural flavour, phosphoric acid, carbonated water and high fructose corn syrup (sugar).TASTE Apparently the taste of Red Bull Cola is much different than the taste of its competitors, and that is quite understandable as well, as Red Bull Cola contains original sources of Cola drink like original coca leaf and kola nut. In my survey which is enclosed at the end of question 5, lot of people are quite strike to taste original cola drink taste (Red Bull cola) as they were very much addicted of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola taste. APPEARENCE The can of Red Bull cola is very much different than the can of Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola. Pepsi and Coca-Cola has almost uniform type of can.However, Red bull can is much taller and thinner in size as compared to Pepsi and Coca-Cola. PRICE Price which is aerated by Red Bull Cola drink is almost double of price which is charged by their competitors however they are also grown value added as their drink is extracted from 100% natural sources. Q.. 4 Target market is essentially a breaking of market in segments and then focusing on particular key segments. It helps business to be cost effective when 4Ps are applied within the selected or desired market segments. Red Bull Cola mainly targeting the psychographic segmentation, and at some extent Red Bull nergy drink is also targeting psychographic segmentation. Now let me explain some of the advertisement of Red Bull push button drink that has made on athletes. On their website I have seen video and testimonials of people which were something like this. A girl 24 year old doing climbing rock because she drinks red bull energy drink she got the energy which she ever wanted. A 23 year old guy whos a motor cycle champion in 2008 uses same drink because he wants energy to perform exceptionally well, same with the person who is 34 year old and doing water sports. So the main theme is that if u wants to feel energy use red bull energy drinks.Whereas, Red Bull cola for those who wants to drink fresh and natural drink because Red Bull cola is made of natural ingredients, no sweeteners, no artificial flavour and no artificial colour 100% natural. However, Red Bull GmbH targets the social and sporting events specifically to leave a note on peoples mind, for example that they proudly presents x games in one way or another they are acting a mind game here, they are encoding a confirming message that passionate and extra ordinary athletes having a drink like Red Bull so if you have similar passion or desire then you also try Red Bull.COMPARING target MARKET To some extent Red Bull cola and energy drink two are falling into a same target market as ?Both are being sold in same stores normally. ?They both are trying to capture market on basis of psychographic segmentation, as red bull cola is targeting health conscious people and red bull energy drink targeting lifestyle of people who wants to feel pure freedom, who wants to try some thing new, quick and innovative generation. However both underlay in psychographic segmentation. Both drinks are meant to boost up energy level. One is Strong and Natural so other is mainly energy drink. ?Both products are proud organizers of musical, games and social events. POSITIONING Positing is simply that how customer recall your product. By looking Red Bull Cola slogan Natural and Strong one can say whenever customer approximate about original cola drink first thing which they will get in their mind is Red Bull Cola drink as it is 100% natural.Whereas, Red Bull energy drink has now a firm grasp in world as one of leading energy drink, therefore whenever some one think about energy then he must think about Red Bull energy drink, further more their slogan says it all which is proving to be a very successful slogan for capturing market Red Bull Gives You Wings. Q5. through with(predicate) my research and findings, I came to this point that red bull cola can not survive for l ong in market. There is not reason but reasons that can leave red bulls step of introducing cola in vain. Many have come and legion(predicate) have failed in sector of cola.After my qualitative research I would like to mention the things which are potential threats to red bull colas fancy entry, competitors, alternatives of product, price, taste and expectations. First thing which is consistently giving red signal to red bull cola entry is their giant competitors Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola. The reason I all them giant competitors is because they are the oldest companies in cola sector and has world wide distribution mechanism. Through their product life they have targeted the every market segmentation plus they hold customer loyalty status that has positive response to their cola drinks.Second thing which is bothering to Red Bull Cola at the fleck is alternatives to a product. Basically we can say it change of people preference culture. As per healthy requirement people are now tra vel to a product which offers more nutrition and energy just like natural fruit drink and energy drinks. Thus change in preference culture has not only affected the Red Bull cola but also to giant companies (Pepsi and Coca Cola) as their profit of last two year has slimed. But at this point, some may say this is the right time to capture market but I personally dismiss this idea.Thirdly, their pricing strategy didnt work out properly. In other words, barrier from Red Bull cola to their customer is high price. Even if above two threats (competitors and alternatives to product) satisfy the product needs still price problem will stand firm. Therefore, products price is not at good value. Fourth thing which I want to languish here is the taste of Red Bull Cola differs a lot from the taste of others cola drinks. People are so used to taste of Coca Cola and Pepsi Cola that even if they taste pure cola like Red Bull Cola they dismiss its taste preference.Now last and final threat through which I think they cant be succeeded into the UK market is that they harbort lived up to the peoples expectation. People were expecting something innovative and energetic from Red Bull Company, but unfortunately it hasnt come out to be a product which people were expecting. However, bottom line is that Red Bull Cola has come up with flop strategy that badly need to be reviewed because the threats that are standing as barrier for Red Bull Cola for flourishing in markets are very competitive and strong.

Cause and Effect Essay

Internet applied science has created a hindrance in peoples lives. First the use of applied science creates nothing but a distraction. In the article Is Technology making Us intimate Strangers? , Jonathan Coleman says , If psyche hasnt left us a knell message or fax, there is always the chance that an email awaits. I cant even finish this essay without checking- collar times already- to see if another one came through and through. This is completely true, in the tome it took me to advert that, I stopped and checked my phone twice.Another example of engine room being a distraction is by talking on the phone or checking a text message which can be a distraction as well as deadly. Secondly how the use of engine room enables people to have privacy. Its crazy how jobs, schools or eitherone that wants to know anything some a person can easily learn out through the use of internet technology. Example of that is through a social network. If someone wants to know where a person lives, where they go to school, or what they are doing, they could find out with the touch of a finger, stripping people from any manikin of privacy.Finally social interaction, Jonathan Coleman states Technology, for the most part, creates the illusion of intimacy. As marvelous as it can be, it also foils us. It keeps us from the best of ourselves and enables us to avoid others. It makes us into intimate strangers. A prime example of that is the use of internet dating, technology takes away the term dating, getting out knowing somebody, to have a face to face conversation. Instead we stay indoors with our computers or any sort of technology talking to our computer loves.

Not-For-Profit Organizations Essay

Executive Summaryno(prenominal)-For-Profit organizations are fundamentally different than for-profit, private field businesses in that they do not have shareholders, their mission logical arguments are cogitate on furthering a cause rather than just increasing lucrativeness and most no(prenominal)-For-Profits earn the majority of their revenue through donor contributions. As a result, no-For-Profit agreements operate under different reporting requirements than for-profit businesses. In give to go forth proper accounting for the numerous activities undertaken by a zero(prenominal)-For-Profit Organization in a given year, it is imperative that one understand the both fiscal accounting standards that affect Not-For-Profit organizations the most Statements of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 116 and 117 which provide guidance on donor contributions and the presentation of the pecuniary statements.The objective of this compact is to provide a high-level overview of the standards and the effect they have on the financial statements of a Not-For-Profit organization. The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 establishes the standards for accounting for contributions accepted and contributions made to all organizations with fiscal years beginning after declination 15, 1994. Contributions are defined by SFAS No. 116 as voluntary transfers in which the donor does not receive any value in return. presenter contributions may include the following resourcesCash,Marketable securitiesProperty and equipmentUtilities and SuppliesIntangible assets much(prenominal) as intellectual propertyProfessional serveSFAS 116 requires that all contributions and haughty promises to donate in the forthcoming, known as promises, are recognized as revenues at fair value in the catch in which they are received. Pledges are recognized as soon as the requirements of a pledge are met and it is no longer contingent on a future upshot. supererogatoryly, con tributions made and received are also recognized at as expenses upon receipt at fair value.The Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 116 also requires organizations to identify those contributions that contain donor-imposed restrictions and the timeframe or requirements for meeting these donor-imposed restrictions. According to SFAS No. 116, organizations must classify contributions into one of the following categories based on the origination or absence of donor imposed stipulationsPermanently Restricted crystallize AssetsTemporarily Restricted Net AssetsUn certified Net AssetsThose assets that are restricted by a donor imposed stipulation of time, a finicky purpose or program, or the occurrence of a future event must be set aside and cannot be expended until the restriction has discontinue through the satisfaction of the donor stipulation.Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 117 is also important in accounting for Not-For-Profit Organizations in tha t it provides standards for the presentation of the financial statements for organizations with fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1994. Overall, this standard requires that the financial statements provide the necessary information for all of the users of Not-For-Profit financial statements. The standard requires that Not-For-Profit Organizations put up the following financial statements on an annual basis A statement of financial range (balance sheet)A statement of activities (income statement)A statement of bullion flowsIn the statement of financial plant, SFAS No. 117 requires that the Not-For-Profit organization provide amounts for the summate assets, liabilities, and net assets at the end of the fiscal period. Additionally, the statement of financial position must classify the organizations net assets as temporarily restricted, permanently restricted, or unrestricted based on donor imposed stipulations.The statement of activities is compulsory to report to the financial statement users the transactions which caused a change in net assets during the period and the statement of cash flows is must provide a reconciliation of activity between beginning and ending cash balances of the period as either operating activities, financing activities or investing activities. Additional schedules are also required by SFAS No. 117 for special organzations such a voluntary health and wellness organizations that provide unique services related to their cause.Overall, a thorough understanding and application of Statements of Financial Standards No. 116 and 117 allows Not-For-Profit organizations to properly account for their unique activities and provide their financial statement users with relevant, perceivable and comparable information in order to assess the financial position of the Not-For-Profit organization over the past fiscal year and going away into the future.

How Does James Seek to Disturb and Involv Essay

How Does jam Seek To Disturb and Involve The Reader In The Turn Of The jailer? The Turn of the cope, written by author Henry jam, although defying many knightly conventions covers one of the most suspenseful and sinister tales of the Victorian Era. The novelettes enthralling nature effectively seeks to disturb and aim commentators and this is make evident through and through Jamess successful ingestion of a variety of structural and literary techniques to create and pro extensive suspense and ambiguity.James original registeres a strong and intimate connection surrounded by ratifier and protagonist through the use of first person in align to lay outively involve the contributor. This is achieved through the governesss use of syntax and interwoven sentences when describing her first impressions of Bly. For example when the governess says I remember as a exhaustively pleasant impression the broad, clear front, its open windows and fresh curtains and the pair of maid s looking out endorsers are provided with clear imagery of what the governess is seeing, therefore enabling reviewers to post with the protagonist and view the situation from her perspective.This intimate identification with the governess later contributes to the waver of readers as, when the reader r from each onees the possible conclusion of the governesses emotional instability and t differenceency to catastrophise situations (when the governess says His not reading to her, I declared, theyre talking of them, theyre talking horrors) readers mother questioning the governesses judgement, which for the majority of the novella has also been their have as a result of the reader being provided with a limited perception and companionship of the happenings of Bly (as the tale has been told from the governesses viewpoint) This results in readers questioning every assumption they have previously made as they take into account the un reliability of the governess as narrator.The inc lusion body of ambiguous duologue throughout the novella also contributes to the disturbance and interestingness of readers by causing readers to question the true motives of characters. For instance when mls says of course, weve the others, when speaking to the governess it is unclear whether Miles is referring to the maids and various other servants in the house or to the ghosts of shit five and Miss Jessel. Another example, towards the end of the novella is when Miles and the governess are discussing Miles schooling.The governess is finally attempting to put together together the reason for Miles expulsion from boarding school when Miles says Well-I said things. This causes the reader to question the true meaning of dialogue, forcing the reader to consort their own conclusions and opinions ground on limited and somewhat flimsy evidence. This therefore leads to judgements on the motives and reliability of characters being made and subsequently impacts on the readers perso nal opinions of characters, in especial(prenominal) the protagonist as well as the characters of the infantren, Mrs Grose and the ghosts themselves.It is important to note the use of ambiguous dialogue (or lack thereof) between Miles and plant life, particularly in the first half of the novella significantly contributes to the validity of the governesss theory of Miles and plant life being corrupt. By not supplying the reader with dialogue between Flora and Miles it is assumed by the reader that the children are communicating in private, and as a consequence have something to hide, further validating the governesss theory and sparking a sense of fear in readers.The further amour and disturbance of the reader is instigated by Jamess inclusion of long pauses and gaps in dialogue to further the tales suspenseful atmosphere and in turn, draw readers in. When Miles says to the governess think me-for a change-bad the pauses in between his dialogue heighten the mount suspense and amb iguity of the moment, in turn disturbing and distressing the reader. A further example of this is when, during a discussion of the relationship between Peter Quint and Miss Jessel between the governess and Mrs Grose, Mrs Grose says oh he couldnt prevent-.The governess then interjects with the dialogue and rhetorical question of, Your learning the truth? . This interjectory on the governesses part contributes to the sullen nature of the novella and further disturbs and concerns the reader through leaving the reader with an unanswered question which readers are then forced to draw their own conclusions on. The pauses and use of rhetorical questions also allows the reader time to ponder primal questions and possible motives of characters (such as that of Mrs Grose and her part in the tale) and whilst actively engaging the reader, encourages them to require the next turn of the screw.An additional mood the novella seeks to demoralise and capture the attention of readers is through plot and the hooks at the end of each sequential chapter. The governesss unnatural entrust to control the children fascinates and involves the reader as they continue to question the sanity of the governess and, simultaneously the nature of the children. This desire of the protagonist is graveled to readers through the actions and dialogue of the governess such as when she listens at Miles bedroom door during the night and says what under my endless obsession, I had been impelled to listen for was some betrayal of his not being at rest.Actions and ambiguous dialogue such as this disturbs the reader as it is regarded to all, (except the governess) as strange behaviour and acts as further proof of the probable insanity and overactive imagination of the governess. The hooks at the end of each chapter are yet another way James uses plot to involve the reader and seeks to disturb them. These hooks or revelations by the narrator act as ambiguous snippets of information that is vitally important to the reader in shape for some sort of conclusion or opinion to be filtrateed.For instance at the conclusion of chapter 19 the governess finally voices her theory of Flora being in communication with Miss Jessel to Flora herself when she says Where, my pet, is Miss Jessel? . This creates a sense of terror and anxiety in readers as James has guardedly built up suspense through plot to this moment and so ambiguity is at its peak when the governess finally voices her theory to Flora. The use of juxtapositions and magnification throughout the descriptive and emotive language of the governess is yet another way James strives to disturb and involve.The descriptive language and passion with which the governess tends to use to learn Flora and Miles, for example I was dazzled by their loveliness, existing rose-flush of his innocence and he was therefore an angel makes the later revelation of the childrens depravity caused by the ghosts all the more disturbing and surprising to readers as the children are written about in such a vestal and angelic light. This captures the attention of the reader and causes them to question the theory of the childrens corruption and consider the evidence (or lack thereof) from which it has been convened.The juxtaposition to gaze into the shrewdnesss of blue of the childs eyes and pronounce their loveliness a trick of untimely cunning is another example of how James uses descriptive language to convey the emotional stress of the protagonist to readers as this is a strong billet to the governesss initial views of the children as being of angelic nature.I seemed to see in the beautiful face with which he watched me how ugly and eccentric I looked again contrasts the beauty of Miles with that of the governess and so draws the attention of the reader to the governesses  design to be easily influenced by appearance, evidence of her own innocence, inexperience and naivete which could possibly contribute to her overac tive imagination and hallucinations. Setting is a bare(a) mode to which James meritoriously pioneers to disturb and involve the reader.The in depth descriptions used to create imagery for readers of the protagonists environment is a powerful method used by James in capturing the attention of readers and providing them with a window to the governesss thoughts.Driving at that hour, on a lovely day, through a country, the summer sweetness of which served as a friendly invite is an example of how setting is used to inform readers of the governesses opinions and inner feelings (here she feels relaxed and excited for her reaching at Bly)In addition It was a abrupt, clear day, the first of its order for some time, the night had brought a touch of frost and the autumn air, lambent and sharp is another excellent example of how James uses setting to establish the mood and atmosphere of the novella and of the governess and therefore actively involve the reader by causing the reader to fe el they are more than an nonsubjective viewer but an actual participant in the tale.The use of the adjectives crisp and clear could also possibly convey the emotional situate of the governess and whence contribute to the later disturbance of the reader as the emotional state of the protagonist recedes further and further into turmoil and chaos. It is evident, throughout the Turn of the Screw Henry James has pioneered a variety of both structural and literary methods to seek to disturb and involve the reader. By doing this James has allowed his tale to remain a classic one that can relate in almost every society and time period as it continues to force readers to reach their own conclusions and subsequently, allows the novella to remain a mystery for all those involved.

Ray Ban

Introduction dick-Ban is an Italian owned brand of dark glasses founded in 1937 by Bausch & Lomb. They were introduced for the United States Army Air Corps. Ray-Ban has popularized the bill sunglassess and now develops sunglasses to suit everybody. In 2007, Ray-Ban re-introduced the original Ray-Ban Wayfargonr design, simply expanded the colour options beyond the traditional palette to include patterns the like checks and camouflage and colours like navy, white, turquoise, red, and blue. You can see people st be at you with Ray Ban sunglasses when you opened up your means magazine. Theres not a coevals alive that cant recommend owning (or wanting to own) a pair of these iconic sunglasses. o Presidents o film stars o rock stars o artists o devise designers o cut models Tribe Profile We found from our questionnaires that Hipsters are quite jaunty people who want to make a statement closely themselves with their queer style. We too found that the majority of Hipsters ages range from 16-28.Therefore we aim to create a modern style of glasses that this age group pull up stakes find attractive Hipsters can live in unlike households and generally we found that marital and family status had little proceeding on their reason if they were to obtain the product. Hipster in general composed of young generation teens who are still studying so their income is greatly limited. Further more than they mostly live with their parents and we realize that we have to make it affordable for this market as this is the baulk of the hipster market. We also realize that their families are mainly snapper class from ur expel areas. Furthermore the research reveals that macro environmental forces. In particular Demography, market-gardening, geography, Economic and graphic environment factors bequeath have a significant intrusion on the Hipster behaviour. Objectives oTo gain more tender customers a month as wellspring taking market contri preciselyion from c ompetitors to increase customer base omaintain our current customers ogain new customers to increase the weigh of sales by 20% a month oobtain a higher(prenominal) profit by introducing these sunglasses into the marketplace oincrease brand reputation ecumenic The target audience is fully informed about features and benefits of our products oto be fashion pioneers in the industry harvestingShades is a new product, that throw overboards users to channelise their shade colour on the fly using an eletronic switch regain on their sunglassess. Customers have the ability to customise their selection of colours when get their new pair. Users cycle through their selected lens colour by insistence a button. The variable lens colour gives more versatility to the user. Demography time in surrounded by 16-28. Size Bigger size of young nation allow result in more sales. Density Denser population ordain help in cost cutting as fewer stores will be covering large population which will r educe the indomitable costs. Occupation Anyone with white collar job is less in all probability to be hipster besides hipsters working long hours and demanding job are less likely to go out or spend more time in dressing up.On the other hand if its a student or someone from fashion industry is most likely to go out and spend more time on their looks. Culture can affect clothing design and style for e. . some close has their own different printing of native animals, plants and landmarks such as Aborigines similarly in some culture skin show is not appropriate. Geography Climate can affect clothing style and colours but not as many on glasses. e. g. in hot brave out loose clothing and light colours products and in colder areas warm glinting colours. Economic environment Economic condition would have minor effect as glasses are not bought on regular bases. Natural Environment Our product is recyclable and made of 80% recycled material.Launch Strategy 4ps Product The new product o ffers changeable lens colours on the fly. Ray ban consists of wayfarer, aviator, clubmaster, cockpit, caravan, rare prints, Jackie ohh, warrior daddy o. Ray ban offers several models and rafts of optional features. The glasses come with a comprehensive warranty that is the high hat part of ray ban glasses. Promotion Ray ban spends zillion each years on advertising in Australia to tell about the company and its many products. Ray ban embedded in two on and offline campaigns , through media channels ,television, magazines, billboards ,online advertisements thought tv celebrities.Ray ban also promoted through discount sales and promo items. Price Ray ban mute the need of people very well and diversified it price agree to customers suitability. Ray ban also have expensive limited var. for those who want for brag. The price for normal Ray ban glasses is between 100 to 200 dollars. Being the leader Ray ban stick their price unchanged. Place Ray ban understood the important of d iversifying its products which explains its carrying into action on eyewear market. New innovations and better services, better communication will allow Ray ban to maintain its position in market.SWOT analysis Strengths oLong stand and well established brand. oHigh feeling and durable oProvide numerous styles and many tinge options oMany of the sunglasses are gender neutral oAppeals to many generations oPromise 100% anti reflective lenses, which protect eyes against harmful rays. Weaknesses oCostly products oExclusivity of distribution channels Opportunities oRaise ken about the important of protective lenses. oChance fro brand extension and expansion. oEmphasize Ray ban as a brand that values individuality and self-expression. To create rich partnerships with other brands with similar messages and larger audience.Threats oIn hard economic times peoples buy designer products. oMany stores sell cheaper versions of Ray ban. oMay seen as a trend that will die out. oConsumer brand loyalty to other sunglasses Competitors Oakley sunglasses pore on protecting the users eyes from the sun, they accomplish this through use plutonite, which is a type of patented material, in their lenses to filter out any assertable contact that UVA, UVB, UVC and harmful blue light may have with your eyes. ANSI impact tests are safety measures that glasses go through to see how well they are made and will perform. The ANSI impact tests are regarded as the meretricious standard safety test and Oakley sunglasses exceed the standards set by these tests. Oakleys High Definition Optics are known for exceeding these standard age using 3D technology to do so. The lenses seen in Ray-Ban eyewear products are a lot overshadowed by those seen in Oakley products. These higher quality and standards are often reflected in the expensive price of Oakley glasses.The Prada eyewear collection comes in different designs, styles, and colours. Offers metal frames that are specially, made from a special metal alloy that is fade-resistant, and lightweight and favourable to use. ($350-$500) Offer plastic or nylon frames, which offer safe and lightweight certificate for the eyes. Most nylon-framed sunglasses by Prada carry the distinctive Prada logo on the side of the frame. ($200-$400) Offers the Prada Sport eyewear collection, which is, targeted and specially designed for sports enthusiasts and individuals. The Prada Sport eyewear collection, also, comes in, metal and nylon frames. Prada has quality and style with correction eyeglasses.

Revenue Management Essay

The scholarship and expertise of pointing immediate consumer subscribe to at the micro-mart stage when optimizing embody and approachability of your sobers is c each(prenominal)ed as tax Management. The carrying out of RM philosophy is in explicit, and has the prospective to let remarkable stages of tax tax tax income. Enterprises that adjudge practice sessiond RM single-valued functions mystify seen profits rising greatly by 7 percent exclusive of incorporating considerable sum of large(p) overheads, providing turn upcome in a taxation growth by 50 percent to 100 percent.The general structure of tax income Management permits supervisors to more than intensely monitor the commercial enterprise activities of consumers, so placing appeal and product accessibility regulations to attain considerable revenue growth. While utilize in its ameliorationd means, Revenue Management is a disciplined method which expedites corporations to employ vast quantity of cons umer study to dynamically telephone client activities at the micro- grocery stage.In all views, the purpose of RM is to trade the perfect goods to the right client at the correct time for the accurate cot, thus getting the to the highest degree out of revenue from the corporations work range. Revenue Management feed ins vastness to increase revenue, not on expenditure minimizing and downscale. It in some(prenominal) case compels the outcome and recovers the top-line too. Revenue Management is a sole intellectual endeavor to timbre for revenue prospects which might not be eagerly visible to others.In its some refined structure, RM is a stimulating mixture of promotion and expertise, making hire of rocket science mathematics. The secret functioning of Revenue Management gives brilliance on a corporation on beneficial revenue increase. It facilitate your melodic line complete guest tradeoffs and attain market power. RM Practical functions On a realistic note, Revenue Man agement is a micro oversight eddy which allows corporations to screen loads of distinct marketing data into strategic insights permit them to dominate benefit of the short-term openings of the marketplace.RM is not a PC arrangement, just now slightly an incorporated rophy of trade procedures which merge public and organizations with the objective of recognizing the market, prefigureing consumer activities, and reacting rapidly to oblige the most of opportwholeies that at hand themselves. RM is a indemnity which screw be applied effectively at stages without tech, lower tech and advanced-tech. The some(prenominal) meaning(a) is to ad honorable a Revenue Management docket of suitable range and extent.Whatsoever that is, the initial level in feat a Revenue Management resolution is to assemble as much statistics as feasible regarding customer activities and market conditions. It has to be assembled, accumulated, organized, inspected, and then scrutinized. Then, the imple mentation of complicated quantitative estimation of procedures requires to be executing to permit you to forecast up coming consumer behavior.To formulate logic of the confusion and equivocalness, a PC administration that reproduces convey elasticity, greet variation for components, invite/ address variations, stock occupationes, and raptorial measures have to be executed to support in evaluating possible results of definite marketing and production assessments prior these decision ar fulfilled. Nevertheless, generating the model software and having it acknowledged by the corporation as a conceit doojigger is not a simple scheme.It engage varies the business customs, assembling and probe a unique quantity of information, and withdrawing well-known marketing and transaction practices, excessively as instruction attitudes. Not to refer to bring in estimating programs which cornerstone calculate and suggest customer activities? Such methods as dissimilar manakins of divers(prenominal) failure that can form the whole production series from customer look at byout allocation of the goods by means of routes. The RM device which facilitates you to make judgment on information, not assumption, is recognized as fact-based prediction.It is necessary to forecast customer behavior if you are using methods to develop opportunities in the market. more(prenominal) precise prediction indicates enhanced production assessments, and enhanced trade judgment stand for increasing revenue. A right sales estimation ought to be a forecasting of that get out occur independent of what you believe testament come near and nearly all, what you feel like to take place. major expansion has been made in the function of numerical facts study to crap more correct sales predictions of upcoming market pattern.Such concern predictions give a separate, impassive vision of the marketplace. Good- timberland sales prediction diminishes the ambiguity about the expectations, a nd fantastic sales predication exchange this doubts into likelihood. Numbers of solicitude members consider their markets are so volatile and disorganized where vision changes so rapidly that it is difficult to predict what will take place. This is a offending apology for not desiring to counter the truth of their company and the marketplace. Each executive has to involve himself in few forecasts regarding his or her production to compute rational assessments.These might be depending on either perception or psyche interpretation however they have to reveal some sort of market and manufactured goods evaluation. Human being, for the majority part, are terrible predictors, in view to both deliberate and accidental preconceptions. Later, the most primary(prenominal) human barricade is our incapability to absorb the enormous and rising number of facts concerning our consumers and our markets particularly as they grow to be more parts. Luckily, credit goes to PCs, this restriction can be mainly conquered, making perfect probably sales predictions.There is no reason how dominant the tools, there will at all clock be some fault in the sales projection, as customer conduct will never be 100 percent correspond to our expectation. There will forever be the requirement for people to recognize and understand the statistical evaluations computed by computers to decrease prediction faults. The most important thing for first-class sales predictions is to apply human perception and organized means, an arrangement of art and science-to identify the best achievable sales arithmetic mean that facilitate the best potential results.Regrettably, lots of corporations regularly reject prehistoric sales information. Data regarding the customer actions is a precious business plus which can expose customer activities, the consequences of opponents measures, and other satisfying market data. You must have all type of evidences, for the reason that the excision of these fac tors cannot drive to RM judgment. Revenue Management for a Hotel Revenue counsel for a hotel is the phenomenon of making use of rather activities and existing stages of reserving doings to predict demand as perfectly as probable to get the most of revenue (Inge, 1998 Smith, 1999).It rising revenue by using some disciplined strategies which forecast customer conduct, optimize to obtain goods and follow (Cross, 1997). Companies who have take prefer of RM methods have observe revenues growth by 7 percent and not including others total of expenses in value of capital, follow-on in a 50 percent to 100 percent raise in revenues (Chase, 1999). Revenue counselling comprises of 2 tactical matters interval management and greeting depend on demand (Kimes et al. , 1998).Kimes (2003) explained the hotel business into stayd -interval and variable-cost level. The hotel business can manage duration and have lot of be. To attain revenue growth by using revenue management, hotels must make costing further variable and consumers make use of a hotels utilities more foreseeable. At the time of climax demand duration in the hotel industry, accommodation happen to accessible just to consumers who are ready to give higher charges, whereas all through lower demand duration, accommodation turn into accessible to everyone and at concessional charges.When demand goes over capability, revenue management suggests that the hotel trade the some degree of ability just to the most gainful mix of consumers. When competence goes beyond demand, though, revenue management advises that the hotel further demand for the subtle room stocks which would on other hand take a breather unsold by giving decrement in equipment casualtys. When diminishing these be, hotels have to check consumers who would give higher charges from manipulating concessional charges supplying the RMS with a few regulations (Choi and Mattila, 2004).The coming examine in the workweek is usually a policy applied f or hotels. In a hotel industry, consumers who march on at the hotel on such years except weekends are generally business customers, who are keen to give higher costs than those people who just come for relaxation, and they usually reach in weekends and tend to get discounted pass judgment. As a result, proposing worth reduction by the time they reach in any day of week makes sure that business traveler cannot get benefits from cut cover version rates pass to promote hotel business among leisure visitors.The other policy which is generally apply is related to span of living in hotel. Visitors who reside at the hotel just on anthesis days have to pay higher costs of accommodation as compared to those who arrest not just on febrile days however also on other days about the peak days. Sometimes, it is good to refuse room demands for only peak days, but acknowledge requests for both peak and week days at reducing charges. This facilitates the hotel to increase profit for the wh ole menses relatively than just for peak demand duration. Costing principle also include reservation date as one of its clause.This principle is a better mean of differentiating among visitors as whether come for relaxation or business purpose. Leisure visitors be likely to make their rooms far earlier than their visit, while business visitors reserve the rooms just few days early in advance of visit In order to encourage more visitors of hotels during leisure business for normal weekends, hotels provide reducing and concessional charges of rooms to consumers who book their rooms earlier to their arrival. They restricted the facility of discounts for the business visitors close by the day of reaching there.As consequences of using revenue management to the hotel industry, it is soon general for diverse consumers to be asked diverse rates for the similar kind of room at the identical hotel, in relation to duration of stay and days of the week. It is very common for the similar con sumers that they paid diverse rates of the same room in identical hotel but for different period of interval. Key to Successful Revenue Management Prediction based on statistical data and optimizations are the tasks of a revenue management procedure which determine it separately from any other industry function.They are the back bone of the marketing division, and with exclusion of prediction about sales and optimization mechanism, the Revenue management practice would only be precious as a huge company data stockroom. Nonetheless, the factual worth of the information is in applying it to forecast consumer activities and concluding what measures to employ to increase revenue. This is what prediction on statistical data and optimization which permits at the micro-market stage. Anticipating customer behavior in a composite market is difficult.Preferably, you must obtain a foreseeing device which uses as much as 100 percent of the industrys trading history of not less than period of o ne-time(prenominal) 12 months. Furthermore, you must include exceptional and past developments into the prediction in respect to persistent behavior. at last, you must alter the projection with regard for innate impacts (or inactions) by the firm which might have acted upon the prior consignment systems, also sales advertisings, marketing, and costing approaches.For instance, if your firm launches a latest sales advert and the goods sold out, there may have been requirement further than what is seem in the trading information. The demand has to be unrestrained in a sense for what the industry would have obtained if you had a sufficient provision of goods almost throughout the sales marketing. Sales prediction is simple, but obtaining good quality prediction is very hard. Additionally, revenue development needs grouping of consumers into the undertake feasible groups to know their uniqueness, as well as grease ones palmsing behavior, reflexion of the good, and eagerness to pa y.All of that compose even more complicated to anticipate with any stage of exactness. Information based prediction remembers what consumer will buy is depend on real data of promotion, not spontaneous presumptions. optimization recommends what you have to perform about it. Optimization methodology is not any special process rather a mathematical practice which will either increase or decrease a given task. For useful projects, we want to reduce expenses and rising revenues. Optimization is called as estimating numerous decisions as to whom these goods should be traded.You require bringing into play information study tools to note out the un utilise revenue prospective of the market for your resultant or service. This includes three fundamental levels 1. collect data Use a discursive way to interrogate management and gather information on revenue production and organization behaviors. 2. Execute simulation investigation survey all on hand records to expose unseen revenue prospe ctive through the automated ambition of real trading situations and organization procedures. 3. Review expense versus advantages Detail revenue and further advantages versus the prices of various components of RM. fall in Management in the hospitality business Yield management has been broadly studied in kindness text. Several definitions define the link among this management technique and maximization of revenue. Revenue management is the functions of disciplined strategies that foresee customer conduct at the micro-market stage and which optimize accessibility of goods and cost to increase revenue (). Yield management is a technique used to raise revenue which indicate to enhance net yield with the help of the anticipated distribution of idle bedroom facility to fixed market divisions at optimum cost ().Management of revenues engages organizing consumer demand. Various tactical bars have to be apply to the degree of enhancing hospitality activities and therefore profits Costin g that depends on demand is also among one of these. (Kimes and Wirtz, 2003). diverse rates are charged to various consumers based on demand costing biases is experienced to consumers utilizing the similar good simultaneously, diverse product all at once, similar good at dissimilar occasion, or diverse product at diverse interval. unsettled costs in keeping the demand stages are the source of profit. A costing that depend on demand allows development of the consumers division those consumers with a lower affordability to pay, who are probably consumers to take a hotel space, cafe chair, etc. , are allowable to purchase at a low cost contrast with those consumers who can afford much more raise in consumers resulting an increase in revenues and earnings. Complete information about consumer demand is indispensable for the accomplishment of a yield management plan (Desinano, Minuti and Schiaffella, 2006).This is attained with past information on demand, demand projection, reservation behaviors, termination and not displaying for different market divisions. An essential condition for yields management is Market segmentation which is not basically a concessional scheme, but a technical function of price discrimination associated to diverse customers methods of obtaining goods. The assumptions of yield management look as if it takes all the characteristics to generate positive outcome on the firmness of earnings.The structure runs division of stock, cost, span and consumer the information of consumers demand attributes and its management with a systematic set of strategies can signify a significant worth for those corporations who undergo from uneven demand. Economic theory and yield management This segment is based to the monetary assumption on demand, supply and cost on which technical yield management is depended. One key yield in administering a hospitality production is the financial rule of price elasticity of demand one more is the application of yield man agement methods (Barlow, 2003).Costing and competence management rules require to be take solicitude of using an efficient technique costing is a mean used to marketing and altering demand, but to arrive at consumers it is essential to segment, predict and administer demand, as done by the source revenue management. lend and demand for businesses are associated by cost monetary assumptions concerned with hospitality goods indicate that costs affect the demand for that production (Relihan, 1989).The worth of a product is a negotiation among production side and market field of battle it is based on firms price composition, market allocation and contesting circumstance (Fazzini, 2008). Edgar (2000) believes the optimum cost as concerned by two factors market sibyllic cost and ability to purchase, and firm fringy expenditures. Standard assumptions of demand set up the characteristics of the association among cost and demand commonly, if the cost of a production raises, the associa ted demand decline and vice versa the linear relationship exit between cost and demand.The rules of the demand curve are the fundamentals of the principles of yield management decreasing and increasing costs and alteration in demand. Hospitality business is related to a large series of consumers, with dissimilar discrimination towards the cost this feature indicates elasticity of demand based on costs which evaluate the change in plowshare of quantity demanded and the change in percentage of cost. The leisure time part is considered to be more elastic compared to the business one, that is, the alteration in percentage of quantity demanded significantly measure up to with the deviation in cost.Yield management tactics attempt to contract precise markets and form greatly inelastic markets give whole quota. The fiscal principles of supply is depend upon marginal theory of price, that determine the optimal sum total of product at the stage where the cost of goods is the same as the m arginal price of that good, in that as invention raise, marginal price also raise and cost should also raise simultaneously to attain the said(prenominal) equal opportunity (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2002) thus the amount of a good delivered is positively proportional to the cost.The supply schedule indicates that a raise in cost resulted to a raise in amount delivered as producers are presented to recommend more creation the association among supply and cost is reverse to that of demand, so the equilibrium of cost will be the obtain on market sources intersection. (Frank, 2008).The hospitality good is permanent in the short term, thus conflux demand and supply is a crucial concern to be administered on one side firms are likely to increase charger per unit of hospitality, on the other side the state of affairs of oversupply decreases costs in an effort to sell consumable resources. The procedure of costing can be diverse, including all domestic prices and exterior components like o pponent and demand, and decides the temper of the business to be positive concerning the constant efficient, societal and surroundings variation.

Cause-Effect Essay* Causes of Divorce

You know that fall apart is more common nowdays, but do you know the causes? According to the statistics offered by INEGI in a survey practiced in 2005, 70% of the couples who observe married take the decision of impartting split. There are numerous reasons why they make yhis decision, but there are three of import(prenominal) causes which are insufficiency of communication, financial issues, and pace. Lack of communication is one of the main causes of disassociate.A marriege is on the rocks when the lines of communication fail. You cannot have an ineffective realtionship if either one of you does not discuss about his/her feelings, cannot talk about his/her mutual or own(prenominal) issues, and expects his/her partner to guess what the whole problem is about. Another cause of divorce are financial issues. Money or aspects related to ot are of pass everywhere a possible cause of disagreement between couples.Married couples could squabble over such issues as shared financ ial responsibility, unequal financial status, undisclosed financial state, over spending, and lack of financial support. The last cause of divorce are the ways of abuse. This does not just include intentional and general phusycal abuse. It may also come in the form of sexual abuse and emmotional abuse. One partner may actively seeks to degrade his/her partner by harsh language.Drug and alcohol make the person so violent in addition, there may be no physical or oral abuse, but the other partner would understandibly have a difficult measure managing finances and daily life with an addicted spouse. Now we know that lack of communication, financial problems, and violence are the main causes why people get divorce. May be you should considet living in free union for a short time before you get married, by doing this, you can concern your partner well. It is not the best option, but if you are really in love, you can get married without any problem.

Changing Hr Practices in Cable Co

Changing HR practices in Cable Co solecism study Table of Content 1. Introduction.. 3 2. fall diagnosing. 3 3. Data collection and analysis. 5 4. 1 b early(a) 1 gay Re arisings planning.. 5 4. 2 conundrum 2 implementation Management System.. 6 4. 3 Problem 3 Recruitment and Selection subroutinees 7 4. Proposed Solution7 5. 4 Human Resources planning8 5. 5 Performance estimate System. . 8 5. 6 Recruitment and Selection wait on10 References List12 extension 1 The 4 academic degree Leadership Model Appendix 2 Performance Appraisal form Appendix 3 gravid Feedback Tool 1. Introduction This case study is based on CableCo which is a sum venture surrounded by an Australian corporation AuzCo, and 2 Chinese organizations Post Bureau and PTA. The purpose of this report is to help the fellowship to advert the problem, after research of the familys background information, grade its causes and passport a solution.This new Australia and China joint venture is located in a n Economics and Development Zone about 47 km from the dividing line district flying field of Tianjing, a well- veritable industrial city in China. The main mathematical products of the joint venture argon telecommunications and various other kinds of communication cables. The Company has 184 employees in total most of them 60% (113) atomic number 18 employed in the merchandise Department, as it is the most important functional part of CableCo. The Companys mission is expressed to produce tincture products, provide first-class returns to customers and guarantee reliable deli truly. The Companys strain governing body is to interminably develop new products, repair the quality of goods, reduce costs, and manage its military personnel resources efficiently and strengthen counselling control. Implementation of the guilds strategy depended strongly on hard-hitting employee performance and management control (Zhu, slipperiness Study A). The telecommunication sector in Chin a where CableCo operates has undergone rapid discipline. in that respect has been a steady growth in the total number of phones in China.Because of this reason, the cable indus deliver in China has attracted many domestic and internationalist investors. As supply exceeds conduct in this food market segment, it is more tough maintain anchor employees. The CableCo management aggroup has realized that improvements in force and effectiveness had to be achieved through better utilization of its human resources (Zhu, chemise Study A). 2. Problem Diagnosis After the initial clashing with the client it is found that the partnerships authenticity is rather low in regards to managing their human resources.Although Cable Co realizes that its employees are the most valuable summation they use up, the company still has a treat defects and inefficient processes in the HR management area. The chance on problem that the company is concerned about is how to improve effectiveness and efficiency of the Human Resources management that is the most important area in a super matched market. Cable Co is in danger to lose their image as a good quality product manufacturer because of uncertain vocation development strategy and employee sexual dissatisfaction inside a growing competitive market.The Management consultants main objective would be to assist the company in ever-changing its HR practices and processes in order to improve Cable Cos Human Resources Management and to change effective operation in the highly competitive market within a multicultural working surround. A Structured model (Issue maneuver) enables us to see Cable Cos situation more clear. Using this model it would also facilitate in recognizing main causes and find the best ways for possible solutions for companys problems (Fombrun and Nevins, 2004). Inefficient Human Resources Management Problem 2Defects in performance management agreement Job analysis/Performance appraisals Bonus system Pr oblem 3 Recruitment & Selection Candidate database Selection Methods Problem 1 Organizations Structure & HR formulation Short-term oriented HR planning To notice a motionless men 3. Data collection and analysis In order to tumble the situation within Cable Co, data collection had been processed. there were two basic data collection approaches used deductive and naturalistic. To gain a more detailed overview of the companys situation the 4 stage leadership model is used.Structured audiences with from each one leadership team member were conducted. overly questionnaires based on employees current crinkle satisfaction, understanding of affair requirements and a rewards system were used in the data collection process. The work environment observations and interactions between managers, supervisors and employees along with the organizations documents were an important information source during analyzing the situation in Cables Co. Based on antecedently constructed issue tree model, the main problem and its causes can be stated 3. Problem 1 Human Resources Planning * Organizations Structure A lot of Chinese companies are operating under strict control of the government. There are unclear and different views between Chinese and Australian managers at Cable Co. Common ground rules and guidelines should be introduced. Currently some atomic number 82 plazas and responsibilies are overlapping or two points are held by the corresponding person. * Short-term oriented HR planning Both management parties (Chinese on one side, Australian on the other side) have different approaches to melody development.To evaluate the demand for new employees the company uses its forecasted production take, based on the market situation. besides data from AuzCo Australian are used as a standard to formulate the staffing needs in the production department. It seems that staffing needs analysis is more affected from how it is done in the West than in China, although i t should be based more on Chinas market situation. Obviously judgmental forecasting is used to forecast the companys future study needs this meaning that managers and other people within the company decide on staffing requirements. Gully, M. , Phillips M. 2009) There is no research data of Cable Cos sharpen market in China, and this causes management uncertainty and different opinions where the company is going and in which direction they are supposed be heading? Without knowing the companys closings, it is really catchy for the managers to agree on a common staffing strategy. * Unstable workforce High turnover in locally recruited employees make it difficult to keep workforce stable which affects the effectiveness of the company which reflects badly on HR recruitment.Intensifying competition in employment market, gives a lot of opportunities for employees to seek employment elsewhere. This would have an impact on Cable Cos productiveness as production workers are one of the k ey employee groups in the company. 3. 2 Problem 2 Performance Management System * Performance Appraisal system After conducting research interviews with production workers, it is understandable that the companys performance management system had many defects that reduce its effectiveness. Effectiveness of the animate performance management system in Cable Co is very doubtful for the reason listed belowKey performance criteria for both managerial and non-managerial employees are the same. Appraisal performance results have been kept confidential from the evaluated employees. Evaluations do upon appraisers daily observations and individual judgments, make the current system very subjective and results do not have validity. The company shortly doesnt have barter analysis for most of its positions, which makes it really grievous to evaluate the employees performance or to explain what are the main responsibilities and tasks for a position. Bonus System Currently there is no bonus s ystem in the company. The previous system was used more to avoid authority conflict between employees and lost its function as a motivational tool. The bonus system based on defected performance evaluation process fails and decreases employees satisfaction. Operating in such a highly competitive market, it is substantial to have motivated employees, and tools that help to keep them engaged. 3. 3 Problem 3 Recruitment & Selection * Applicants databaseBecause the company does not have a common computerized database for all applicants, the recruitment process for every new position is more costly and more time consuming. Previous unsuccessful candidates and interview records might be useful for the next recruitment project, yet it is difficult to find this information without a database. * Candidate alternative There are no common guidelines for the department managers to use when conducting the recruitment process, no cream criteria that would be based on and aligned with the companys business strategy. 4.Proposed Solution To make changes in the organizations structures, systems or processes managers should have support from people working within the organization otherwise it go away be impossible (Fombrun and Nevins, 2004, p. 209). It is suggested that inefficient Human Resources Management system in the company can be improved by more effective HR planning, a reviewed performance management system and recruitment and selection processes. 4. 1 Solution 1 Human Resources Planning 1. Organize meetings between Cable Co Board of directors, General Manager and Executive Manager.The objectives for this meeting should be * To review companys goals and business strategy * To identify and review all Cable Co target market segments * To form repeated market research to evaluate domestic (China) market demand for their product * Based on research, reformulate the companys business development strategy * Management team should always be present, curiously if t he company put such a spacious emphasis on management control in its business strategy and product quality. forge Human resources strategy aligned with business development goals that will enable to plan the companys people resources more efficiently. A previously mentioned problem is that the company is unable to offer try-on for its employees should be earnestly re carry oned. * Review employment offer package concentrating on adaption facilities for employees other than those from the local area. * That way companys candidate pool would be extended, that can increase the best applicant attraction and give the company a competitive advantage. Organize a team to conduct accommodation market research * Revise the companys opportunities to offer accommodation or a housing allowance for their employees. * This will expand the companys candidate pool and stabilize the workforce and turnover. 4. 2. Solution 2 Performance Appraisal System Employee Performance Management is a proces s for establishing a shared workforce understanding about what is to be achieved at an organization level. It is about aligning the organizational objectives with the employees agreed measures, skills, competency requirements, development plans and the delivery of results. (http//www. peoplestreme. com/what-is-performance-management. shtml, 20/05/2012) It is essential to make sure employees know what the positions key requirements are for high performance are. It is hard to maintain or try to achieve any performance level if the employee is not aware what the key aspects they have been evaluated for are. It is recommended to revise key performance criteria for managerial and non managerial positions in the company. These key areas for both types of employees should be formulated in the positions job interpretation.When conducting job analysis, human resources personnel should consider the companys business strategy. In this case the company pursues cost leadership and differentiati on strategies. This kind of business usually requires a workforce who are adaptable, efficiency oriented, trainable and willing to check standardized procedures (Gully, M. , Phillips M. 2009). Firstly, it is suggested to determine key performance criteria for managers and all other employees, and record those in their job description. Job analysis, which include important aspects of a job and characteristics a worker needs to do it well (Gully, M. Phillips M. 2009) should be conducted for each position in the company. Job descriptions should be received by each employee on the day they sign the employment contract with the company. That way the employee clearly understands the companys requirements for high performance and key performance criteria for their positions. Secondly, a new performance appraisal form should be developed (Appendix 1 Performance Appraisal form), which allows matching the key performance criteria from the job description for different positions.An evaluati on process should still be conducted from the top to the bottom, but it is important to have open communication and feedback on the results after employee evaluation. Employees wont improve if managers or supervisors wont give them comely and positive feedback on their previous performance against the key criteria. As this is a new thing for supervisors and managers, it is recommended to set up guidelines on how to give constructive feedback about an employees performance (Appendix 2 Giving feedback model). It is also best(predicate) to process 360 degree feedback for companys managers and supervisors.This would give managerial team a better understanding of their strengths and weaknesses and an insight on how others perceive them. Also provide an opportunity to adjust behaviors and develop skills that will enable them to surmount at their jobs (http//www. custominsight. com/360-degree-feedback/what-is-360-degree-feedback. asp, 12/05/2012). A bonus system should be developed for key areas of the company such as merchandise and also toil Departments. It is also recommended to create an incentive plan for all employees if the company has reached its goal at the end of the year (for example, specific amount of sales or profit).That way all employees would feel rewarded, because everyone has contributed to improve productivity, profitability and to keep the organizations competitive advantage. Employee performance appraisal form results should also be taken into stipulation when building the bonus system. It should be based on sales results for the Marketing department and productivity and quality for the Production department employees. The company should consider a yearly bonus implementation for all employees if an annual target has been reached.A bonus system is a great motivational tool that means more motivated employees, better work engagement, improved productivity and product quality, which help the company to gain better profitability. 4. 3 Soluti on 3 Recruitment and Selection process * Candidate Database It is recommended to invest in the companys development by creating a computerized HRM system, which includes all previous applicants and records on current employees. Included information on TeleCo employees would be a great source for Cable Co further recruitment processes.In this HRM system the company could also create talent inventories detailed records that summarize each employees skills, competencies, and qualifications (Gully, M. , Phillips M. 2009, p. 126. ). This can be used as a very facilitative tool in filling in future vacancies and also growing succession management in the company. * Recruitment and Selection If the company keeps involving line managers and supervisors in Human Resources processes, the selection and recruitment guidelines for management and supervisors team should be developed.It is important to have a formal instructions, and processes to derive when selecting, attracting, assessing an d deploying employees (Gully, M. , Phillips M. 2009). Supervisors have to be competent to explain to the new employees what the key areas of the position are and what level of performance is expected from them. This information would be substantially found in the job descriptions for each position, based on job analysis and performance appraisal reviews. These recommended changes will help Cable Cos leadership team to improve the Human Resources management in the company and increase management control over organizations processes.Reference List Gully. M, Phillips M. (2009). Strategic Staffing (2nd ed. ) Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson upbringing Fombrun. J, Nevids D. (2004). The Advice Business. Essential Tools and Models for Management Consulting, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Pearson direction Warner J. (2002) The Janus Performance Managament System A Complete Performance Management verify Process for Individuals, Teams and the Entire Organization (Volume I), HRD Pres s Zhu J. C. Organizations Development and Change. Changing HR practices in China Cable Co. Case Study A PeopleStream Pty. Ltd. Performance management. Retrieved from http//www. peoplestreme. com/what-is-performance-management. shtml Custom Insight. com. 360 Degree Solutions. Retrieved from http//www. custominsight. com/360-degree-feedback/what-is-360-degree-feedback. asp Business Balls, Performance Appraisal forms. Retrieved from http//www. businessballs. com/performanceappraisals. htm

Standard vs. Automatic Compare & Contrast Essay

Jacob Phaneuf 10-20-12 Eng 101 (Compare &038 Contrast) When buying a newfound car, legion(predicate) multitude do non stop to think nigh what kind of transmission that they would like. While roughly cars today come in self-loading versions, there are also five and six belt along type transmissions avail suitable on most car models. While reliable people may not unconstipated know how to drive a standard transmission, it is not the popular choice, but for the people who enjoy victimisation some(prenominal) feet to drive there is al ways the option.While most cars on the channel today are automatics there are still ups and downs to both transmissions, standards may last longer, but automatics are easier to use and more convenient. Standards are unremarkably sportier then the everyday persons automatic car, but they rear also drop a line on gas, and potful be a sm wholeer quicker compared to the very(prenominal) exact same automatic transmission model. While crusad e a standard can be a nightmare for some, others enjoy this touch sensation very much.Being able to drive with two feet is a very unrivaled topic to be able to get used to, and also having a third pedal. This added third pedal is called a clutch, and must be touch every time the vehicle switches accommodates, where as in a automatic the transmissions switches gears unnoticeably and requires no action from the driver. While having the control to be able to tell a vehicle what gear to go into when ever you deficiency too, gives the car a much sportier feel, but also makes the vehicle a pile more drama to drive and also a little quicker off the start.Driving a standard is solo for certain people though, while to others it may seem easy, learning to drive a standard can be a difficult task and if not make right can result in stalling or even permanent car damages. Having many occasions to remember to do while driving a car can be a frustrating thing to have to do, but thankf ully there are automatic transmissions, which has many more conveniences and is much easier to use and drive then a standard car.Driving an automatic requires only one-foot operation and a computer does all the gear switching electronically. Automatics are the most popular choice when purchasing a car, because they are so simple, easy, and can also be fun to drive. While driving a standard can be a lot more fun, it can also be a lot more stressful considering there are things to always be conscious of. Staling is something that is very easy to do and can happen for a hardly a(prenominal) reasons, the clutch was released too quickly, or the transmission was left in gear when the clutch was removed.Also traffic can be a very stressfully thing to deal with in a standard because of the constant use of two feet moving every time the car must move forward. Hills can also be a major challenge for even the most experienced standard transmission drivers. When on a hill, the vehicle leave behind be able to roll backwards until the driver has successfully industrious first gear, but stalling is still a great misadventure and can cause big problems for an inexperienced driver.When it comes to choosing the right transmission, be positive(predicate) you will be able to drive the vehicle the proper way, if not then at least have a person uncommitted to teach the proper ways. While both transmissions are great ways to drive, one driver may prefer one over the other, they both drive differences but will both get you to the same place. The only major difference to remember is that a standard transmission can be a lot more work, and the driver has to be supple to deal with the frustrations of a standard transmission. Happy driving

Multiplex: Film and Service Profit Chain

decision maker summary 1. Introduction 2. Industry analysis 1. Indian entertainment pains 2. Indian film industry 3. Growth drivers 4. Key players 3. go trade concepts as applied in multiplex 1. 7 Ps of go marketing 2. Service profit chain 3. Service blueprinting 4. Managing demand and fork up 5. Yield management 6. Managing waiting process 7. Complaint management and portion recovery 8. Customer feedback . Research report 5. Conclusion Abstract The magical word in cinemas today is multiplex. It caters to the busy, fast moving and variety-loving consumer who wants more than save one film under a single roof. Multiplexes have bugger off just a rage that most of the old cine complexes are converting to multiplexes. picture show cannot be an independent identity. It stands with the food and entertainment counters.In the concept of multiplexes panoptic entertainment is the magnet that attracts people inside This paper examines various Services marketing concepts, much(pren ominal) as 7 Ps of profits marketing- proceeds Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, and Physical evidence service Blueprinting service Profit Chain Managing pick out and Supply Yield Management Queue Management Customer Feedback and service Recovery. This paper also throws some light on Industry analysis. tectonic change in Indian pastime Industry and Indian snap Industry, and Growth drivers responsible for the expected increase in the number of multiplex cinemas such as Favorable demographic changes, An increase in expendable income in the hands of ever-expanding Indian middle class, Organized retail boom, Entertainment tax benefits for multiplex cinemas, India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world, in high spirits quality of creative and technical talent pool, Indian consumers willing to washed-out more on Entertainment, and Increase in the number of high-grade Hindi films, etc are considered.The paper also lists key players in the industry su ch as PVR Limited, INOX, FUN Cinemas, FAME Cinemas, and Cinemax. A descriptive research has been conducted, using questionnaire method, with a view to understand customer profile, customer expectation, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, work frequency, customer behavior, and to get other important insights with respect to a multiplex. A number of charts and tables are prepared to bring out the main characteristics of the undisturbed data.

Behaviorism and Its Critics

behaviourism is the psycho rational application of logical positivism. Positivism, whose basis is in the 19th century, yet whose antecedents scram a good caboodle earlier, is designed to force epistemology into a purely scientific context. In so doing, it helped define the scientific method, as well as creating a stir in philosophical circles. This paper will do some(prenominal) things it will define mienism and positivism, it will link the two unneurotic as hotshot basic style, it will detail some of the movements dilettantes and fin whollyy, look at a possible application of behaviourism.Positivism and its daughter, behaviorism, derived as a critique of idealism, or, to define this somewhat eccentrically, the idea that mental states be, or croup be, expressly determining of mankind behavior. Historically, such a batch was held by such wildly diverse thinkers as Plato, Hume, Fichte, Nietzsche and Freud. While, at the said(prenominal) time, the more rationalist and materialist vision of military personnelity being behavior was held by doubting Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx, both of whom held that material and external explanations of human race behavior were wholly suitable to understand motives for action.In different oral communication, for the behaviorist, external forces, forces that preempt be publically still and witnessed, ar fully proportionate to the acts that they cause. Behaviorism, as first defined in an explicitly scientific, psychological context by Watson (1912) is a reaction to idealism, by and large defined, that sought explanations for human action in internal mental states. Watson, at bingle fell swoop, eliminated brain from scientific explanation.Consciousness was something that could not be bumvass scientifically because it was a private affair, something experienced at an intimate and immediate level, and, hence, could not be the subject of a scientific experiment where all the relevant variables were availa ble for all to see. In essence, Watson held that psychology locoweed merely be scientific by retentivity to the tenets of logical positivism. psychological science mustiness use variables that are easily quantified, public and objective.Hence, mental states and consciousness as the basis of these mental states are not variables. In fact, Behaviorist Gustav Bergmann (1942) and B. F. mule skinner (1978) held that such ground were meaningless, since they referred to nothing that can be quantified. Hence, if such terms were used in a scientific paper, they refer to nothing, and hence, create a question that cannot be solved, since the terms are not properly defined. For Watson and his followers, gentlemans gentleman was, in a psychological sense, no different from animals.Both humans and otherwise animal species were fully determined by material causes acting on the human being, in terms of sociable forces and internal behavioral dispositions interpretable in material terms. If this is true, then all personal and social behavior can be predicted and controlled (Harzem, 2004, 9). In summary, Watson and his followers were trying to create a form of psychology that could do away with all the ambiguities of the verbiage of the school of thought of heading. Consciousness was not definable in quantifiable categories, and hence, was not scientific.Psychology then, could exactly proceed if it relied solely on quantifiable phenomenon and assumed that this was sufficient to prove a full account of human behavior. This method of psychology was not without its critics. The main criticism of this approach is that it is simplistic. This criticism has been leveled many times against the logical positivists, not the least among such critics gain been Nietzsche, Dostoyevskii and Sartre. For all three of these writers, the human subject is free, which means that physical causes and quantifiable categories do not perform to complete account for specific human behavio rs.For all of these famed writers, the human ego could detatch itself from its external surroundings and current mental states and hence submit itself. Dostoyevskii goes so far in his Notes From Underground as to say that the discuss believe that 2+2=5 is justified as a means of preserving ones freedom of choice from the oppressive, materialistic straightjacket of scientific methods. From the point of view of pure psychology however, the first and close to important of Watsons critics was E. B. Titcherner (1917), who criticized Watson and his ideas on several areas.First, that the concept of science of the positivists was withal narrow. It was an arbitrary Procrustean bed that eliminated some of the most important and intimate of human experience, which is the whole point of psychology in the first place. This has always been the existential philosopher criticism of positivism, that so much of what braces a human human is eliminated by the arbitrary demand that all relevant var iables be quantifiable. It is closely as if the positivists demand to be the gate keepers of not only scientific answers, only when also of the questions themselves.Nevertheless, Titcherner does hold that the positivist critique did some good for the check into in that it did force psychology out of its older, purely internal methods. foregoing to Watson, the civilize was concerned solely with internal mental states, and hence, lacked a legitimate scientific rigor to its conclusions. Furthermore, the clarification of language was also necessary and important. Hence, mend he is willing to claim that the behaviorist is too doctrinaire in his views, that school was a necessary addition to the discipline.Secondly, Titcherner holds that it is arbitrary to say that consciousness cannot be a scientific object of study or explanation. And thirdly, that the positivists were holding that the concept of watching is also too narrow. Observation was somehow obscure with quantification. I f consciousness is a phenomenon, then science has something to say about it. quantifiability is not the sine qua non of the scientific approach. The positivists, of whom Watson was an avid follower, eliminated thought, mind, and sensation from scientific study. This was unsufferable from both a scientific and specifically psychological point of view.Gustav Bergmann (1942), defends Watsons basic theses a generation later on several counts. First, as a typical positivist, he is concerned wit the construction of a meaningful question or proposition. In order for this to be the case, the words in the proposition must be cl archean defined and understood. X must mean x, and not x+y intension and university extension must be the same thing. Hence, the question is of clarity and public observation of the relative phenomena. In his (1942) essay, Bergmann holds that the most significant contribution to scientific talk about in his time was the positivist insistence on the clarification o f language.For example, when one speaks of carbon, in that respect is a very specific, definable and understandable entity involved. There are not two carbons, and thither is no distinction between the connotation and denotation of carbon. The word mind, however, is very different. It can mean mental states, it can mean behavioral characteristics, it can mean personality, it can men world(a) moral dispositions, as well as a host of other more nuanced ideas contained in the very general idea of mind,. Given this confusion, it cannot be meaningfully used in a sentence.Skinner (1978) went so far as to attempt to eliminated such words in psychological discourse (quoted in Addis, 1982). In other words, the positivist critique is not so much obsessed with quantification, but with clarity of language and scientific discourse. An important critic of the positivist/behaviorist approach is Peter Harzam. In his (2004) essay, he criticizes behaviorism on several chiliad. Following Titcherner , Harzam holds that the assumption of materialism that undergirds behavioral methods is a non-scientific assumption.Materialism is one of those nonsense words that positivism must reject, though it is almost always reluctant to do so. Materialism is not a scientific view, but rather a metaphysical one. Secondly, he is suspicious as to who the media and government establishment loved Watson so much. It seems that he opened up the door to later developments in psychotropic drugs, surveillance and an entire radical of control that is ground on behaviorist ideas, specifically, the idea that human beings can be manipulated like cattle, so long as the elite give birth adequate ideas as to what makes humans act.Though Harzam does not explicitly say this, it is a clear and uncomfortable conclusion of Watsons teachings. And third Harzam holds that consciousness can be a scientific variable precisely on the grounds that it is experienced as the ground of experience, and therefore fits into the older, purely empirical scientific model of inquiry. Another critic of this regime is Laird Addis, who in his (1982) essay deals with the muniment and struggles of the behaviorist paradigm.Addis criticizes the behaviorist school in its large number of assumptions that it brings to psychology, videlicet that of materialism (again), and the basic notion, central to all who call themselves behaviorists, that all human actions whatever have an adequate cause that is quantifiable and material, that is, independent of consciousness or its objects. He wants to make a key clarification, however, and say that the positivist analysis holds that extra-physical ideas need not be taken into account to have a full understanding, but that such ideas can assist in clarifying the basis, physicalist account of action (Addis, 1982, 401-402).Like many others, Addis is uncomfortable with Watsons early idea that control and prediction is the aim of science. Here, a rather social and political agen da has invaded the rarified air of positivist science. It is truth and enough that is at the center, not the eventual control over human behavior that Watson and Skinner seem to insist upon. A possible use for behaviorism has already developed substantially, that is, the development of chemical alterations of behavior.At best, this approach holds that mental states are wholly physical and hence, can be manipulated by physical means. If one reduced mental phenomenon to chemical causes, then one has reduced the mind to the interactions of chemicals and their synthesis in specific actions. If this is done, then certain drugs can be developed and administered that can alter the chemical interactions by adding new ones, and hence, see the reaction of the person.The chemical approach to psychology is something purely positivist in that the language is clear so long as it retains the technical language of chemistry, it is publically understood since chemical interactions can be replicate d in a laboratory, and the concepts of consciousness and thought are eliminated as causal variables. Hence, the development of drugs to deal with obsessive compulsive disorder, depression and bi-polarity derive from the Watsonite approach.To conclude, it is clear that the Watsonite theory of human behavior is simply a positivist approach to the philosophy of mind. It approaches this discipline by negating it. Its basic ideas are that a) for any human act x, there is a completely adequate explanation y. b) y is always reducible to clear, quantifiable, and publically understood language. c) if not, then y is not completely adequate. Hence, there is an intersection of the clarity of language with that of quantifiability.Words in scientific discourse can only mean one thing, and cannot have the shades of meaning that make denotation different from connotation. Hence, many followers of Watson insist that their movement is based solely in the clarification of language rather than a excre tion of concepts tout court. References Addis, Laird. (1982). Behaviorism and the Philosophy of the Act. Nous, 16, 399-420 Bergmann, Gustav. (1942) An Empirical Schema of the Psycho-physical Problem. The Philosophy of Science, 9, 72-91. Harzam, Peter.(2004). Behaviorism for the New Psychology What was Wrong with Behaviorism and What is Wrong with it Now. Behaviorism and Philosophy, 32. 5-12. Watson, JB. (1913). Psychology as Behaviorism Views It. Psychology Review 20, 158-177. Titchener, EB (1917). On Psychology as Behaviorism Views It. The Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 53, 1-17. Skinner, BF. (1978). Reflections on Behaviorism and Society. assimilator Hall. Dostoyevskii, Fydor. (2006). Notes from Underground. Waking Lion Press.