Diabetes Mellitus II

Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic diseases characterized by elevated transmission line sugar (glucose) take aims that result from defects in insulin secretion, or action, or both. (Mathur, 2009) This continuing medical condition go pasts when the performance of insulin, a hormone released by the pancreas in order to regulate the blood sugar levels, is absent or insufficient. devil major types of diabetes ar 1. ) type 1 diabetes which requires the affected soulfulness to be insulin-dependent as his pancreas has been damaged by auto-immune attacks, making it unable to release the hormone and 2. type 2 diabetes which is in like manner called non-insulin diabetes mellitus as the patients who suffer from this disease evoke still produce their own insulin.As a matter of fact, for the latter, excessive amounts of insulin atomic number 18 produced by the body. This, however, damages the beta cell, the part of the pancreas that releases insulin, and causes the dep letion of the production of insulin in the persis ten-spott run. This paper will focus on diabetes mellitus 2, the causes of this chronic disease as well as the physiological limitations that it back end impose on a persons dress program.It will in any case include the symptoms that a fitness instructor mustiness watch out for when homework an soul suffering from type 2 diabetes. This information will be employ to create an exercise program for a subject with this chronic disease. In this section, the intensity, frequency, duration and the method for determining how the program should progress will be identified. Any prescribed medication that may affect the persons performance should also be considered in the creation of this program.Although diabetes mellitus II is coined adult-onset diabetes as it normally develops in adults who are forty years and above, the number of children who perplex been diagnosed with this disease has also maturationd in number. Although genetics or complications during motherliness may play a role in the development of this disease, fleshiness is still identified as the major cause of this problem. An individual who has a Body Mass Index (BMI) that is 20% higher than the ideal has a higher chance of becoming diabetic.Other major bump factors associated with diabetes are age, family history, race, a history of previous afflicted glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired abstemiousness glucose (IFG), hypertension, a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and polycystic ovarian syndrome. (Votey & Peters, 2009) In the past, people ages 40 and above are more prone to this disease. But, now, delinquent to the sharp increase in the number of children with this disease, this might as well be considered as a pediatric disease. A persons family history should also be considered when determining a persons risk to receive this disease. mint with initiative degree relatives who are diabetic can extradite a higher chance of ac quiring this disease. They may have acquired the gene that stimulates the production of a protein that inhibits the role of insulin in cellular glucose transport. A persons ethnic group can also increase a persons risk of acquiring this disease. Afro-Americans, Hispanic Americans, Pacific Islanders, American Indians and Asians have a higher chance of becoming diabetic. A persons blood pressure and cholesterol level can also contain if he is prone to diabetes.People with a blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg and above, a cholesterol level of 35 mg-dL-1 or below or a triglycerol level of 250 mg-dL-1 will have a higher risk of becoming diabetic. (McArdle, p. 452, 2007) For people with type 2 diabetes, an increase in glucose levels occur because of relative insulin deficiency or the insufficient production of insulin by the pancreas, insulin guard or the decrease in the effects of insulin on peripheral tissues, in particular muscles, or a combination of these two problems.Of course, insuli n resistance, doesnt necessarily basal that a person has diabetes. This, however, can cause diabetes in the long run, oddly if the persons diet is rich in simple carbohydrates. Because of insulin resistance, glucose is born-again to triacylglycerol and is stored as fat. Since fat cells have a tendency to be insulin-resistant due to its reduced insulin receptor density, the persons insulin resistance can cash in ones chips a level that exceeds the maximum out put up of the pancreas.Both resistance and aerobic training can help in the management of these factors by improving insulin are glucagon responses. Since skeletal muscles consume a lot of glucose, approximately 70 to 90% of the glucose present in the body, resistance training which increases muscle mass can increase insulin sensitivity, leading to better glucose control. Endurance training, on the other hand, maintains the blood level of insulin and glucagon during exercise closer to resting values. (McArdle, p. 451, 2007) Ideally, the management of diabetes dissembles dieting, exercising and taking in the prescribed medication, if there is any. There are, however, some cases when the blood sugar level of the patient is withal high and exercise needs to be put off. At the same time, although exercise can be very dependable to diabetics, it can be counterproductive if the condition of the node is not examined properly. forrader a client is give a program, the instructor must first make sure that he has his doctors consent.The instructor should also know if the client has the following complications retinal hemorrhage, change magnitude proteinuria, acceleration of microvascular lesions, cardiac arrhythmias, ischemic heart disease, excessive blood pressure during exercise, postexercise orthostatic hyerptension, increased hyperglycemia, increased ketosis, foot ulcers, orthopedic injury related to neuropathy and accelerated chronic joint disease. The exercise should be adjusted based on these facto rs.Obese individuals, for example, should be given lesser weight-bearing exercises. At the same time, they should also be given longer rest periods in order to avoid increase in blood pressure. People with heart and blood pressure problems must not be allowed to exercise when the temperature is too high or the atmosphere is too humid. They should also be given ample rest in amongst sets. They should also avoid isometric exercises as well as exercises that involve raising the weight overhead or holding positions wherein the head is move than legs.Aside from the risks caused by complications, the instructor should also pay attention to signs of hypoglycaemia, especially if the client is taking in insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Mild hypoglycemia is characterized by trembling or shakiness, nervousness, palpitations, increased sweating and excessive hunger. People with moderate hypoglycemic reactions experience headaches, irritability and abrupt mood changes, impaired concentrat ion and attentiveness, mental confusion and drowsiness.In severe cases, the individual becomes unresponsive and unconscious(p) and experiences convulsions. For such instances, the instructor must be attentive to these symptoms so that he can react immediately. Since some patients take -blocker medication, hypoglycemic unawareness should be expected and it is up to the instructor to make the client stop exercising, throwaway his glucose level and have him eat some simple carbohydrates like saturated candies and sugar cubes if hypoglycemia is confirmed. The client should then be asked to rest for ten to fifteen minutes.After that, his glucose level should once again be measured in front allowing him to continue the exercise regiment. Another risk that should be avoided is late-onset hypoglycemia wherein the diabetics blood sugar remains low even subsequently four to forty-eight hours has passed. This can happen if the clients exercise is too strenuous for him. For this reason, hi gh-intensity exercise should not be administered to a diabetic individual, especially if he has been prescribed some insulin or hypoglycemic agents.He should contract with a low-intensity program that gradually increases in intensity. Changes in intensity must be made after a period of three to sestet workweeks so that the individual would be given enough time to adjust. agree to Erikksons study (Janot & Kravitz, 2009), doing some resistance training twice a week is enough to show results. Beginning with this frequency is also advisable as the instructor would be given the time to observe the clients reaction to the exercise. He would also be able to clear him of late-onset hypoglycemia.The study done by Ishii and his colleagues (Janot & Kravitz, 2009) shows that the range of the load given to diabetic individuals should be 40 to 50% of their 1 rep max. They should do well-nigh 2 sets of 25 repetitions. And, they should be given 30 to 120 seconds of rest in between sets. ground on the FITT principle, people with type 2 diabetes can have 3 to 5 times a week of aerobic exercise. The intensity should be 40 to 60% of the maximum HR and the duration should be around 30 to 60 minutes, unless the person is taking hypoglycemic agents or insulin.